Policy Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Indonesia’s Customs: Feasibility, Barriers, and Implications
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Abstract
Governments worldwide have adopted Artificial Intelligence (AI) in customs oper ations to enhance efficiency, increase revenue, and improve national security as a fundamental aspect of the country’s vision and mission. However, there is inefficient management and a lack of government commitment to maintaining this consistently. This indicates that global research on AI in customs is abundant, but in developing countries like Indonesia, the priority aspect remains uneven. In addition, this study applies qualitative and content analysis methods to secondary data to test issues in Indonesian customs operations. Essentially, this confirmation indicates that the con cretization of IA in customs operations could enhance administrative processes (e.g., reporting goods, collecting revenue, and reducing goods fraud). These findings un derscore the need for governments to establish regulations and comply with interna tional trade agreements to provide visibility and access to customs operations. In sum mary, this study provides a clear commitment to applying AI in customs operations, with appropriate approaches grounded in visibility and access.
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ROFIYANTI, Eka; AGUSTINA, Dwi; FIRZAH, Muhammad.
Policy Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Indonesia’s Customs: Feasibility, Barriers, and Implications.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 140-152, may 2026.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1304>. Date accessed: 12 may 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v10i2.1304.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Zhong CHEN. (2024). AIPowered Customs Clearance: Optimizing Trade Compliance and Border Management. Journal of AI-Driven Trade Facilitation Engineering and Single Window Systems, 1(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.6914/ sw.010105
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Bengio, Y., Hinton, G., Yao, A., Song, D., Abbeel, P., Darrell, T., Harari, Y. N., Zhang, Y.Q., Xue, L., ShalevShwartz, S., Hadfield, G., Clune, J., Maharaj, T., Hutter, F., Baydin, A. G., McIlraith, S., Gao, Q., Acharya, A., Krueger, D., … Mindermann, S. (2024). Managing extreme AI risks amid rapid progress. Science, 384(6698), 842–845. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. adn0117
Chin, Y.C., & Zhao, J. (2022). Governing Cross Border Data Flows: International Trade Agreements and Their Limits. Laws, 11(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11040063
Cho, S., Lee, K. (Kari), Cheong, A., No, W. G., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2021). Chain of Values: Examining the Economic Impact of Blockchain on the ValueAdded Tax System. Journal of Management Information Systems, 38(2), 288– 313. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2021.19 12912
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Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Erastov, V., & Balytska, M. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Tax Fraud Detection and Prevention. In BOOK_TITLE (pp. 8–19). Wroclaw University of Economics and Business. https://doi.org/10.15611/2025.40.5.01
Gao, Q., & Zhang, J. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Governance and the Blockchain Revolution. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi. org/10.1007/9789819992119
Gemiharto, I. (2024). Analysis of Personal Data Preservation Policy in Utilizing AIBased Chatbot Applications in Indonesia. Medium, 12(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.25299/medium.v12i1.17772
Gkoni, I., Rigou, M., Thanasas, G., & Balaskas, S. (2024). Digital Transformation of EU Customs: eCommerce VAT Legislation and a Proposed Customs Clearance Application. Emerging Science Journal, 8(1), 341–354. https://doi. org/10.28991/ESJ20240801024
Han, C., Wang, B., & Lai, X. (2024). Research on the Construction of Intelligent Customs Clearance Information System for Cross-Border Road Cargo Between Guangdong and Hong Kong (pp. 181– 190). https://doi.org/10.1007/978981997587 7_15
Hasan, Z. (2020). Economic Globalization: Its Impact on Indonesian ImportExport Statistics. Al-Amwal: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syari’ah, 12(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.24235/ amwal.v12i2.7085
Horani, O. M., AlAdwan, A. S., Yaseen, H., Hmoud, H., AlRahmi, W. M., & Alkhalifah, A. (2025). The critical determinants impacting artificial intelligence adoption at the organizational level. Information Development, 41(3), 1055–1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231166889
Jia, F., Sun, L., Yuan, J., Li, Y., & Huang, Q. (2021). The Business Process Reconstruction of Railway River Combined Transportation Cloud Platform Taking China Container Export as an Example. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2021, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9946458
Khan, F., & Mer, A. (2023). Embracing Artificial Intelligence Technology: Legal Implications with Special Reference to European Union Initiatives of Data Protection (pp. 119–141). https://doi. org/10.1108/S156937592023000111C007
Kim, S., Mai, T.D., Han, S., Park, S., Thi Nguyen, D. K., So, J., Singh, K., & Cha, M. (2023). Active Learning for HumanintheLoop Customs Inspection. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 35(12), 12039–12052. https:// doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2022.3144299
Kiris, S. B., & Gürül, B. (2025). Drivers and Barriers to Adoption and Diffusion of AI Applications in Public Administration (pp. 1–38). https://doi. org/10.4018/9798337322728.ch001
Kurauone, O., Kong, Y., Sun, H., Famba, T., & Muzamhindo, S. (2021). Tax evasion, public and political corruption, and international trade: a global perspective. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 13(6), 698–729. https://doi.org/10.1108/ JFEP0420200067
Labadie, C., & Legner, C. (2023). Building data management capabilities to address data protection regulations: Learnings from the EUGDPR. Journal of Information Technology, 38(1), 16–44. https:// doi.org/10.1177/02683962221141456
Li, S., & Li, G. (2024). Fiscal decentralization, government selfinterest, and fiscal expenditure structure bias. Economic Analysis and Policy, 81, 1133–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eap.2024.01.014
Li, Y., Wang, S., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2024). Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Service Innovation, Business Development, and Legal Compliance: Insights from the Hainan Free Trade Port Era. Systems, 12(11), 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ systems12110463
Likuwatan Werang, N. P., Lusiana Florentin Werang, M., & Han, B. (2025). Driving Transforming EGovernance: The Innovation Nexus from Indonesia and Vietnam. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu Dan Praktek Administrasi, 22(2), 214–224. https:// doi.org/10.31113/jia.v22i2.1298
Liu, H., Lee, C., & Goh, J. (2025). ASEAN Centrality and the Revitalization of Regional Connectivity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. https://doi. org/10.1142/14480
Maspul, K. A. (2025). Sacrificing Paradise: Indonesia’s Green Energy Ambitions and the Future of Raja Ampat. Journal of Environmental Economics and Sustainability, 2(3), 22. https://doi.org/10.47134/ jees.v2i3.711
Maspul, K. A., & Putri, N. K. (2025). Big Data and Predictive Analytics for Indonesia’s Economic Transformation and Digital Resilience. Journal of Technology and System Information, 2(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.47134/jtsi.v2i2.3774
Mazumder, P. T. (2025). Blockchain in trade finance: reducing fraud and improving efficiency through digital ledger technology. Digital Finance. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s42521025001570
Medjedel, E., Hamid, A. B. A., & Sakouchi, A. S. (2024). The Role of AI in Ecommerce Brand Recognition: A Malaysian Perspective. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 28(2), 95– 115. https://doi.org/10.54609/reaser.v28i2.589
Nugraha, T. F.; Wibowo, W. S., Genia, V., Fadhil, A., and Ruldeviyani, Y. (2024). A Practical Approach to Enhance Data Quality Management in Government: A Case Study of the Indonesian Customs and Excise Office. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence, 10(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.20473/ jisebi.10.1.5169
Pal, M. (2024). AIDriven International Trade: Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges for Economic Policy. Bharati International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(2), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/ 03030002
Prasetya, D. R., & Subur Purwana, A. (2021). Effect of Trade Openness, Customs Tariff, Financial Penalty, and Regional Trade Agreement on Trade Misinvoicing. Jurnal Perspektif Bea dan Cukai, 5(1), 98–122. https://doi.org/10.31092/jpbc. v5i1.1149
Purba, A. D. (2024). Measuring the Urgency of Tax Administration Reform in Indonesia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.4703173
Quindimil, M. (2024). Article: Artificial Intelligence and International Trade from a Latin American Perspective. Global Trade and Customs Journal, 19(Issue 11/12), 748–756. https://doi. org/10.54648/GTCJ2024084
Salim, W., & Hudalah, D. (2020). Urban Governance Challenges and Reforms in Indonesia: Towards a New Urban Agenda (pp. 163–181). https://doi. org/10.1007/9789811367090_6
Sandee, H. (2016). Improving Connectivity in Indonesia: The Challenges of Better Infra structure, Regulations, and Coordination. Asian Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 222–238. https:// doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12138
Setiawan, M. R. S., Mendrofa, E. L. A. M., & Pramana, G. M. A. P. (2020). Border Management: Challenges and Issues at Indonesia’s Borders Customs Research and Applications Journal, 2(2), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.31092/craj.v2i2.65
Silfia, I. (2025, October 22). Indonesia deploys AI for real-time customs oversight. Antara . https://en.antaranews.com/news/387385/indonesiato deployaiforrealtimecustomsoversight
Werang, N. P. L., Werang, M. L. F., and Putri, R. A. (2025). Urban governance and sustainability barriers in Indonesia: Tracking forward policy design. Sustainable Urban Development and Environmental Impact Journal, 2(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.61511/sudeij.v2i2.2025.2052
Werang, N. P. L., Werang, M. L. F., & Rizki, M. (2025). Exploring GovTech Practices in Indonesia: Potential, Barriers, and Lessons Learned. Jurnal Transformative, 11(1), 72–88.
Yue, L., Ye, M., & Chen, Q. (2022). The Impact of Partnerships and Information Sharing on Corporate Sustainable Performance: A Mediation Model Moderated by Government Support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942279
Yusman, F., Kartiningsih, Y., Djansena, A., & Supriyadi, A. A. (2025). Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Indonesia’s Defence Policy for Strategic DecisionMaking. International Journal of Law and Public Policy (IJLAPP), 7(2), 63–80. https:// doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp0702.848
Zhong CHEN. (2024). AIPowered Customs Clearance: Optimizing Trade Compliance and Border Management. Journal of AI-Driven Trade Facilitation Engineering and Single Window Systems, 1(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.6914/ sw.010105