Local Pathways to the National Leadership?: International Perspectives on Southeast Asia’s Presidential Democracies
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Abstract
This study analyzed how local leaders with no prior experience in countrywide politics could win national elections, focusing on Jejomar Binay and Joko Widodo in Southeast Asia's unitary presidential states: the Philippines and Indonesia. This study aims to contribute to the scant literature on outsider candidates and local-to-national leadership transitions. Using public administration theories on populism, participatory governance, and decision making, we propose a theoretical framework for analyzing these electoral triumphs. It is noteworthy that while past leaders experienced in national politics, the military, or business typically won high-level positions in these two countries, they did not. In this context, this study used qualitative methods (documentary research and thematic analysis of academic sources, communications, and campaign approaches) to examine local politicians' victories in their countries' highest echelons of power.
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VILLANUEVA RUIZ, Karl Emmanuel.
Local Pathways to the National Leadership?: International Perspectives on Southeast Asia’s Presidential Democracies.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 3, p. 366-381, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1285>. Date accessed: 01 nov. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v9i3.1285.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Carreras, M. (2014). Outsiders and Executive- Legislative Conflict in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(03), 70–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00241.x
Carreras, M. (2012). The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010: An Institutionalist Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 45(12), 1451-1482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012445753
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Firdaus, S.F., Indrayani, L.M., and Soemantri, Y.S. (2020). Analysis of Jokowi’s Commissive Speech Acts in 2014 and 2019 Inaugural Address: A Pragmatic Study, TEKNOSASTIK, 18(2), pp.82-89. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/542950-analysis-of- jokowis-commissive-speech-ac-051ed50a. pdf
Flores, R.R. (2019). Assessment of Selected Barangays in Makati City Towards Improved Barangay Governance, Proceedings IAPA (Indonesian Association for Public Administration) Annual Conference 2019, pp.141-167. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2019.282
Fox, R. L., & Lawless, J. L. (2005). To run for office: Explaining nascent political ambitions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 642-659. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647737
Frederickson, H. G., Smith, K. B., Licari, M. J. & Larimer, C. (2011). Public Administration Theory Primer. Second ed. Routledge.
Fukuoka, Y., Na, Thalang, C. (2014). The legislative and presidential elections in Indonesia in 2014, Electoral Studies, 36, pp.230-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.007
Garrido, M. (2013). The Ideology of the Dual City: The Modernist Ethic in the Corporate Development of Makati City, Metro Manila. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(1), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01100.x
Hadiz, V. R., & Robison, R. (2013). The Political Economy of Oligarchy and the Reorganization of Power in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2013.0023
Hamayotsu, K. (2015). Indonesia in 2014. Asian Survey, 55(1), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.174
Heydarian, R. (2021, September 7 2021). Polite populism: From Jokowi to Isko. INQUIRER.net. https://opinion.inquirer.net/143884/polite-populism-from-jokowi-to-isko
Hatherell, M., & Welsh, A. (2019). Populism and Risks of Conceptual Overreach: A Case Study from Indonesia. Representation, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1663904
Hofileña, C.F., & Go, M.G. (2011). Ambition Destiny Victory: Stories from a Presidential Election. Cacho Publishing.
Jungherr, A., Schroeder, R., Stier, S. (2019). Digital media and the surge of political outsiders: Explaining the success of political challenges in the United States, Germany, and China. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1-12. https://doi. org/10.1177/2056305119875439
Kenny, P. D. (2019). Populism in Southeast Asia: Elements in Politics and Society in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108563772
Kimura, E. (2017). Populist Politics in Indonesia, East-West Center Asia Pacific Bulletin, 407. http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep17397
Kimura, E. & Kuhonta, E. M. (2018). Jokowi and Duterte: Do Local Politics Apply? East- West Center. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24980
Kusaka, W. (2017). Moral politics in the Philippines: Inequality, democracy, and the urban poor. NUS Press and Kyoto University Press
Lay, C. (2018). Hometown volunteers: A case study of volunteer organizations in Surakarta supporting Joko Widodo’s presidential campaign. TheCopenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 36(1), pp. 79–105. https://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/cjas/article/view/5513/6154
Lee, S. Y. (2021). An Urban Explanation of Jokowi’s Rise: Implications for Politics and Governance in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(2), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421990853
Martelli, J. and Jaffrelot, C. (2023). Do Populist Leaders Mimic the Language of Ordinary Citizens? Evidence From India. Political Psychology, 44(5), 1141–1160. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12881
Mietzner, M. (2015). Reinventing Asian Populism: Jokowi’s Rise, Democrac y, and Political Contestation in Indonesia. East-West Center. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/ps072.pdf
Mietzner, M. (2014, April 27). Jokowi: Rise of a polite populist - Inside Indonesia: The people and culture of Indonesia. Inside Indonesia. https://www.insideindonesia.org/editions/elections-2014/jokowi-rise-of-a-polite-populist
Perdana, A., Imam, M., Effendi, S. (2024). Coalitional Presidentialism and Presidential Toolbox in the Philippines and Indonesia. JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies), 12(2), 461–481. https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v12i2.11449
Sanusi, A. (2018). Collaboration on City Planning: A Lesson from Mayor Joko Widodo (2005–2011). In A. H. Nishihara, M. Matsunaga, I. Nonaka, & K. Yokomichi (Eds.) Knowledge Creation in Community Development: Institutional Change in Southeast Asia and J apan (pp . 17–34). P a l g r a v e M acmil l an. ht t ps://l ink .springe r.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-57481-3_2
Setiawan, G., Arli, D., Woods, P. (2024). Scale development: Exploring successful political outsiders’ brand image to determine reformist dimensions. Journal of Political Marketing, 23(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.1997876
Shatkin, G. (2000). Obstacles to Empowerment: Local Politics and Civil Society in Metropolitan Manila, the Philippines. Urban Studies, 37(12), 2357–2375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980020002841
Sucharithanarugse, W. (2017). Joko Widodo’s Leadership. Journal of Politics and Governance, 7(2), 71–79. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index. php/jopag/article/view/156618
Teehankee, J. C. (2020). Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(1), 98-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420913404
Teehankee, J. C. (2016). Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency during Philippine Political Time. Journal of Developing Societies, 32(3), 293-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X16654594
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