Digital Sociocracy: Navigating Governance Challenges in Southeast Asia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Digital sociocracy merges digital technology with sociocratic principles to improve participatory governance. This framework utilizes digital tools to enhance inclusivity, transparency, and efficiency across sectors such as urban management and energy systems. It advocates eight principles: Accountability, Equivalence, Consent, Transparency, Empiricism, Continuous Improvement, Digital, and Effectiveness to tackle governance challenges and support sustainable development. In Southeast Asia, the application of digital sociocracy encounters challenges such as digital literacy gaps and socioeconomic disparities. However, there are significant opportunities, as evidenced by initiatives that enhance governance quality and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Singapore has emerged as a leader in adopting digital tools for participative governance, while other nations have shown varied progress and obstacles. This research formulates a quantitative model to evaluate the feasibility of digital sociocracy by employing indicators from global databases, such as the World Bank and SDG dashboards. These findings underscore the potential of digital sociocracy to bridge governance gaps, enhance citizen engagement, and promote equitable development. This study offers a strategic framework for policymakers to address the complexity of digital governance in Southeast Asia.
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MUNAJAT, MD Enjat; IRAWATI, Ira.
Digital Sociocracy: Navigating Governance Challenges in Southeast Asia.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 106-124, feb. 2025.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1220>. Date accessed: 27 mar. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v9i1.1220.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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Lim, J. B. Y. (2024). Digital sociocracy: A decolonial state-in-society approach to participatory governance in South East Asia. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 15(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00162_1
Man, W. Y. N., Worth, H., Kelly, A., Wilson, D. P., & Siba, P. (2014). Is endemic political corruption hampering the provision of ART and PMTCT in developing countries? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17. https:// doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18568
Manoharan, A. P., Melitski, J., & Holzer, M. (2023). Digital Governance: An Assessment of Performance and Best Practices. Public Organization Review, 23(1). https://doi. org/10.1007/s11115-021-00584-8
Marchant, T., Schellenberg, J., Peterson, S., Manzi, F., Waiswa, P., Hanson, C., Temu, S., Darious, K., Sedekia, Y., Akuze, J., & Rowe, A. K. (2014). Continuous surveys generate and report high-quality, timely maternal and newborn health data at the district level in Tanzania and Uganda. Implementation Science, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0112-1
Marciel, R. (2023). On citizens’ right to information: Justification and analysis of the democratic right to be well informed. In Journal of Political Philosophy (Vol . 31, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12298
Meshcheryakova, N. N. (2020). Methodology for cognition of digital society. Digital Sociology, 3(2), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.26425/2658-347X-2020-2-17-26
Milakovich, M. E. (2012). Digital governance: New technologies for improving public service and participation. In Digital Governance: New Technologies for Improving Public Service and Participation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203815991
Millar, G., & Frischherz, B. (2024). Political Decision-Making in a Digital Context at the Cross roads Between Reflective Equilibrium and Discourse Ethics. 2024 Tenth International Conferenceon EDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEDEG61611.2024.10702067
Mubah, A. S., Wardahni, A., Ponsela, D. F., & Tsauro, M. A. (2017). Problem Dasar Kesenjangan Digital di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.20473/ jgs.10.2.2016.204-220
Narins, T. P. (2024). Southeast Asian Civil Society Organizations and Digital Rights in the Age of China’s Digital Silk Road. Asian Perspective, 48(3), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2024.a935487
Nee, A. Y. H. (2022). Digital Transformation and the ASEAN Influences, Issues, and Challenges. In Digital Transformation in Aviation, Tourism and Hospitality in Southeast Asia. https:// doi.org/10.4324/9781003315179-4
Nicholas, A. S. (2023). The Influence of Social Behavior and Business Decisions in the Digital Age: An Analysis of Economic Sociology. International Journal of Science and Society, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.54783/ ijsoc.v5i1.654
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Pant, D. P., Acharya, B., & Kattel, M. R. (2023). Association of government effectiveness, logistics performance, IT systems and income with COVID-19 mortality. Heliyon, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023. e15214
Pitt, J., Diaconescu, A., & Ober, J. (2019). Knowledge Management for Democratic Governance of Socio-Technical Systems. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics): Vol. 11300 LNCS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05333-8_4
Putra, B. A. (2024). Governing AI in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s way forward. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/ frai.2024.1411838
Roy, J. (2005). E-Governance and International Relations: a Consideration of New ly Emerging Capacities in a Multi-Level World. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1).
Schaaf, M., Boydell, V., Sheff, M. C., Kay, C., Torabi, F., & Khosla, R. (2020). Accountability strategies for sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights in humanitarian set t ings: A scoping review. I n Conf lict and Health (Vol. 14, Issue 1). https://doi. org/10.1186/s13031-020-00264-2
Sgueo, G. (2023). The Design of Digital Democracy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4496413
Sinpeng, A., & Koh, Y. (2022). Journalism in the Age of Digital Autocracy: A Comparative ASEAN Perspective. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v10i2.9162
Skirbekk, V., Dieleman, J. L., Stonawski, M., Fejkiel, K., Tyrovolas, S., & Chang, A. Y. (2022). The health-adjusted dependency ratio as a new global measure of the burden of aging: a population-based study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2666-7568(22)00075-7
Stardust , Z., Gillett , R., & Albury, K. (2023). Surveillance does not equal safety: Police, data, and consent on dating apps. Crime, Media, Culture, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590221111827
Sudiantini, D., Ayu, M. P., Aswan, M. C. A. S., Prastuti, M. A., & Apriliya Melani. (2023). Transformasi Digital : Dampak, Tantangan, Dan Peluang Untuk Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Digital. Trending: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 1(3).
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Tibeihaho, H., Nkolo, C., Onzima, R. A., Ayebare, F., & Henriksson, D. K. (2021). Continuous quality improvement as a tool to implement evidence-informed problem solving: experiences from the district and health facility level in Uganda. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12913-021-06061-8
Transparency Index. (2024). Transparency Index Dataset. Transparency Index. https://corruptionrisk.org/transparency-ranking/
Uzochukwu, B., Onwujekwe, E., Mbachu, C., Okeke, C., Molyneux, S., & Gilson, L. (2018). Accountability mechanisms for implementing a health financing option: The case of the basic health care provision fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria Lucy Gil son. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0807-z
van Gerven, W. (2011). Political Accountability and the Rule of Law. ERA Forum, 12(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-011-0212-1
Victora, C. G., Black, R. E., & Bryce, J. (2009). Evaluating child survival programs. In Bulletin of the World Health Organization (Vol. 87, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.2471/ BLT.09.062828
Wei, Y., He, G., & Lin, S. (2024). Innovation and Development Trends in ASEAN Marketing Models in the Digital Age. Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies, 7(5),
Arabadzhyiev, D., Popovych, Y., Lytvynchuk, I., Bakbergen, K., & Kyrychenko, Y. (2021). Digital Society: Regulatory and Institutional Support of Electronic Governance in Modern Realities. SHS Web of Conferences, 100. https:// doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110003008
Azupogo, F., Aurino, E., Gelli, A., Bosompem, K. M., Ayi, I., Osendarp, S. J. M., Brouwer, I. D., & Folson, G. (2019). Agro-ecological zone and farm diversity are factors associated with hemoglobin and anemia among Ghana's rural school-aged children and adolescents. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 15(1). https:// doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12643
Balkin, J. M. (2016). Cultural democracy and the First Amendment. Northwestern University Law Review, 110(5).
Bellantuono, L., Palmisano, F., Amoroso, N., Monaco, A., Peragine, V., & Bellotti, R. (2023). Detecting the socio-economic drivers of confidence in government with eXplainable Artificial Intelligence. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28020-5
Besson, S. (2016). State Consent and Disagreement in International Law-Making. Dissolving the Paradox. Leiden Journal of International Law, 29 (2). https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0922156516000030
Branisa, B., Klasen, S., Ziegler, M., Drechsler, D., & Jütting, J. (2014). The Institutional Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Feminist Economics,20(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.850523
Camilleri, M. A. (2020). The online users’ perceptions toward electronic government services. Journal of Information, Communication, and Ethics in Society, 18(2). https://doi. org/10.1108/JICES-09-2019-0102
Chirowa, F., Atwood, S., & van der Putten, M. (2013). Gender inequality, health expenditure and maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A secondary data analysis. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 5 (1 ). https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.471
Dodd, R., Hill, P. S., Shuey, D., & Fernandes Antunes, A. (2009). Paris on the Mekong: Using the aid effectiveness agenda to support human resources for health in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Human Resources for Health, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-7-16
El Hajj, B., Karadas, G., & Zargar, P. (2023). How E-Government Can Help Societies during a Crisis: Implications of UTAUT Model in Lebanon. Sustainability, 15(6). https://doi. org/10.3390/su15065368
Fischli, R., & Muldoon, J. (2024). Empowering Digital Democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 22(3), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592724000409
Fisher, B., & Naidoo, R. (2016). The geography of gender inequality. PLoS ONE, 11(3). https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145778
Galipeau, D. (2024). Driving Success in Asia: The Essential Role of Disruption. In Business and Management in Asia: Disruption and Change (pp. 39–52). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99- 9371-0_3
Hammerli, S. ", & Sriyai, ". (2024). How Means for Digital Repression in Southeast Asia Have Unfolded in Recent Times.
Haque, M. S. (2000). Significance of accountability under the new approach to public governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852300664004
June, M. (2023). REVISITING ASIAN VALUES IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN’S CYBERDEMOCRACY DISCOURSE. JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v8i2.49218
Kanaev, E. A., Novik, N. N., Kulyasov, N. S., & Fedorenko, D. O. (2024). ASEAN amidst the Digital Fragmentation. Asia and Africa Today, 3, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750030442-8
Keeling, S., Feene y, S., & Hog an, J. (2017). Transparency! Transparency? Comparing the new lobbying legislation in Ireland and the UK. Interest Groups and Advocacy, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-017-0015-z
Korthagen, I., & van Keulen, I. (2020). Assessing Tools for E-Democracy: Comparative Analysis of the Case Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27184-8_12
Leontyev, G. D., & Leontieva, L. S. (2023). Digital Techno-Democracy as a Post-non-Classical Praktopia. Социодинамика, 4. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2023.4.40407
Lim, J. B. Y. (2024). Digital sociocracy: A decolonial state-in-society approach to participatory governance in South East Asia. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 15(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00162_1
Man, W. Y. N., Worth, H., Kelly, A., Wilson, D. P., & Siba, P. (2014). Is endemic political corruption hampering the provision of ART and PMTCT in developing countries? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17. https:// doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18568
Manoharan, A. P., Melitski, J., & Holzer, M. (2023). Digital Governance: An Assessment of Performance and Best Practices. Public Organization Review, 23(1). https://doi. org/10.1007/s11115-021-00584-8
Marchant, T., Schellenberg, J., Peterson, S., Manzi, F., Waiswa, P., Hanson, C., Temu, S., Darious, K., Sedekia, Y., Akuze, J., & Rowe, A. K. (2014). Continuous surveys generate and report high-quality, timely maternal and newborn health data at the district level in Tanzania and Uganda. Implementation Science, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0112-1
Marciel, R. (2023). On citizens’ right to information: Justification and analysis of the democratic right to be well informed. In Journal of Political Philosophy (Vol . 31, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12298
Meshcheryakova, N. N. (2020). Methodology for cognition of digital society. Digital Sociology, 3(2), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.26425/2658-347X-2020-2-17-26
Milakovich, M. E. (2012). Digital governance: New technologies for improving public service and participation. In Digital Governance: New Technologies for Improving Public Service and Participation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203815991
Millar, G., & Frischherz, B. (2024). Political Decision-Making in a Digital Context at the Cross roads Between Reflective Equilibrium and Discourse Ethics. 2024 Tenth International Conferenceon EDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEDEG61611.2024.10702067
Mubah, A. S., Wardahni, A., Ponsela, D. F., & Tsauro, M. A. (2017). Problem Dasar Kesenjangan Digital di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.20473/ jgs.10.2.2016.204-220
Narins, T. P. (2024). Southeast Asian Civil Society Organizations and Digital Rights in the Age of China’s Digital Silk Road. Asian Perspective, 48(3), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2024.a935487
Nee, A. Y. H. (2022). Digital Transformation and the ASEAN Influences, Issues, and Challenges. In Digital Transformation in Aviation, Tourism and Hospitality in Southeast Asia. https:// doi.org/10.4324/9781003315179-4
Nicholas, A. S. (2023). The Influence of Social Behavior and Business Decisions in the Digital Age: An Analysis of Economic Sociology. International Journal of Science and Society, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.54783/ ijsoc.v5i1.654
Noor, A. M., Omumbo, J. A., Amin, A. A., Zurovac, D., & Snow, R. W. (2006). Wealth, mother’s education, and physical access are determinants of retail sector net use in rural Kenya. Malaria Journal, 5. https://doi. org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-5
Pant, D. P., Acharya, B., & Kattel, M. R. (2023). Association of government effectiveness, logistics performance, IT systems and income with COVID-19 mortality. Heliyon, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023. e15214
Pitt, J., Diaconescu, A., & Ober, J. (2019). Knowledge Management for Democratic Governance of Socio-Technical Systems. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics): Vol. 11300 LNCS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05333-8_4
Putra, B. A. (2024). Governing AI in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s way forward. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/ frai.2024.1411838
Roy, J. (2005). E-Governance and International Relations: a Consideration of New ly Emerging Capacities in a Multi-Level World. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1).
Schaaf, M., Boydell, V., Sheff, M. C., Kay, C., Torabi, F., & Khosla, R. (2020). Accountability strategies for sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights in humanitarian set t ings: A scoping review. I n Conf lict and Health (Vol. 14, Issue 1). https://doi. org/10.1186/s13031-020-00264-2
Sgueo, G. (2023). The Design of Digital Democracy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4496413
Sinpeng, A., & Koh, Y. (2022). Journalism in the Age of Digital Autocracy: A Comparative ASEAN Perspective. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v10i2.9162
Skirbekk, V., Dieleman, J. L., Stonawski, M., Fejkiel, K., Tyrovolas, S., & Chang, A. Y. (2022). The health-adjusted dependency ratio as a new global measure of the burden of aging: a population-based study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2666-7568(22)00075-7
Stardust , Z., Gillett , R., & Albury, K. (2023). Surveillance does not equal safety: Police, data, and consent on dating apps. Crime, Media, Culture, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590221111827
Sudiantini, D., Ayu, M. P., Aswan, M. C. A. S., Prastuti, M. A., & Apriliya Melani. (2023). Transformasi Digital : Dampak, Tantangan, Dan Peluang Untuk Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Digital. Trending: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 1(3).
Sustainable Development Report. (2024). Sustainable development goal dataset. (2024). Sustainable development goal dataset. (2024). https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/explorer
Tejedo-Romero, F., & Ferraz Esteves Araujo, J. F. (2023). Critical factors influencing information disclosure in publicorganizations. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https:// doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01814-8
Tibeihaho, H., Nkolo, C., Onzima, R. A., Ayebare, F., & Henriksson, D. K. (2021). Continuous quality improvement as a tool to implement evidence-informed problem solving: experiences from the district and health facility level in Uganda. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12913-021-06061-8
Transparency Index. (2024). Transparency Index Dataset. Transparency Index. https://corruptionrisk.org/transparency-ranking/
Uzochukwu, B., Onwujekwe, E., Mbachu, C., Okeke, C., Molyneux, S., & Gilson, L. (2018). Accountability mechanisms for implementing a health financing option: The case of the basic health care provision fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria Lucy Gil son. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0807-z
van Gerven, W. (2011). Political Accountability and the Rule of Law. ERA Forum, 12(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-011-0212-1
Victora, C. G., Black, R. E., & Bryce, J. (2009). Evaluating child survival programs. In Bulletin of the World Health Organization (Vol. 87, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.2471/ BLT.09.062828
Wei, Y., He, G., & Lin, S. (2024). Innovation and Development Trends in ASEAN Marketing Models in the Digital Age. Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies, 7(5),