Toward a More Responsive and Responsible Bureaucracy: Incorporation of Gender Norm in the EU and Japanese Staffing Policy
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Abstract
This paper discusses limited responsiveness of the public organizations to contemporary social norms. Bureaucracy is sometimes said to be slow and inadequate to accept new principles, but most preceding studies did not directly analyze its causes. This study takes the cases of the European Union and Japan and analyzes the intra and extra organizational impediments in the process of internalization of the gender norms into these personnel administration and draws a hypothesis of the cause(s) of bureaucratic limited responsiveness toward contemporary social norms by the method of agreement. In both cases, gender-related provisions existed in their regulation on staffing from its early days, but its effectiveness was enhanced only recently. In case of the EU before 2000, those responsible for the staffing were initially hesitant to incorporate gender criteria into its policy, and even after recognizing the importance of the norm, they had little idea on how to realize it. In case of Japan, effectiveness of legislation regarding gender equality has been incremental, which represented the practitioners’ struggle on conflicting considerations on staffing. Through this analysis, the paper draws a conclusion that public organizations have developed and maintained its basic principles to strengthen its legitimacy and autonomy against its political control, but this bureaucratic practice paradoxically makes the organization less sensitive to newly emerged social norms.
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FUKUDA, Tomohiro.
Toward a More Responsive and Responsible Bureaucracy: Incorporation of Gender Norm in the EU and Japanese Staffing Policy.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 64-77, feb. 2025.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1219>. Date accessed: 26 mar. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v9i1.1219.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Pollack, M. A. & Hafner-Burton, E. (2000). Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 7(3), 432-456.
Schön-Quinl ivan, E. (2011). Ref orming the European Commission. Palgrave Macmillan.
Spierenburg, D. (1979). Proposals for Reform of the Commission of the European Communities and its Services Report made at the request of the Commission by an Independent Review Body under the chairmanship of Mr Dirk Spierenburg. Brussels, 24 September 1979.
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Akamatsu, R. (2003). Kintou-Hou-o Tsukuru (Japanese). Keisoshobo.
Ban, C. (2013) Managementand Cult ure in an Enlarged European Commission: from Diversity to Unity?. Palgrave Macmillan.
Booth, C. & Bennett, C. (2002). Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Towards a New Conception and Practice of Equal Opportunities?. The European Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(4), 430-446.
Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs. (2024). Follow up on the situation around female public service. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/ gaiyou/jimu/jinjikyoku/pdf/20240119_ siryou2.pdf
Council of Europe. (1998). Gender Mainstreaming, Conceptual Frameworks, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practices, Final Report of Activities of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming. Strasbourg, Council of Europe.
European Commission. (2023). Statistical Bulletin:as of 10/01/2023.
European Commission (n.d.) Departments and executive agencies. https://commission. europa.eu/about-european-commission/ departments-and-executive-agencies_en
European Court of Justice. (1966). Case 62/65, Manlio Serio v. Commission of the EAEC.
European Court of Justice. (1971). Case 80/70, Defrenne v. Sabena [Defrenne I], ECR445.
European Court of Justice. (1976). Case 43/75, Defrenne v. Sabena [Defrenne II], ECR455.
European Parliament Committee on Institutional Affairs. (1999). Report on improvements in the functioning of the Institutions without modification of the Treaties, A4-0158/99.
Fukuda, K. (1992), EC Gyousei-Kouzou-to Seisaku- Katei (Japanese). Seibundo.
Fukuda, T. (2022). Cabinet-no Henka-ni Miru Oushû-Iinkai-no Toumeisei: Kousei-in, Katsudou-Rinri, Jouhoukoukai-no Bunseki- kara (Japanese). EU Studies in Japan, 42, 162-184.
Fukuda, T. (2023). EU-niokeru Kokusai-Jinji- Gyousei-to SDGs: EU Kanryou-Sei-ni-okeru Gender-byoudou-o Mezashite (Japanese). In Fukuda, K. (Eds.). EU Oushû-Tougou-no Shin-Tenkai-to SDGs ( Japanese) (pp.179-201). Seibundo.
Fukuda, T. (2024). Rethinking EU Gender Diplomacy: Norm Promotor or Loophole for Asian Countries?. EIS A-PEC 2024 Conference, working paper.
Fukuda, Y. (2016). EU Kagaku-Gijutsu Innovation- to Gender (Japanese). In Fukuda, K. (Eds.), EU Oushû-Tougou-Kenkyu: Brexit Ikou-no Oushû-Governance (Japanese) (pp.264-282). Seibundo.
Gender Equality Bureau. (2008, 2024b). White Paper on Gender Equal Society. Gender Equality Bureau. (2024a). Report on the current progress relevant to the numerical targets set by the 5th basic plan for gender equal society – Reiwa 6.
Gender Equality Bureau (n.d.). History of the enactment of the Basic Act for Gender Equal Society. https://www.gender.go.jp/about_ danjo/law/kihon/index.html
Hartlapp, M., & Blome, A. (2021). Women at the Top of the European Commission – Drivers and Barriers. European Policy Analysis–2021:6epa.
Izumo, A. (2023). Koumu-de Josei Shoku'in- no Kanrishoku-e-no Touyou-ga Naze Susumanai-noka: Jinjiseido, Un'you-e-no Chakumoku (Japanese). The Annals of the Japanese Society for Public Administration, 58, 5-32.
Kanai, T. (2006). Sengo Nihon-no Koumuin-Seido- ni-okeru Shokkaisei: Seido-ni Umekomareta (Han) Chousei-Genri (Japanese). Journal of Public Policy Studies, 6(0), 64-80.
Locher, B. & Prügl, E. (2009). Gender and European Integration. In Wiener, A. & Diez, T. (Eds.) European Integration Theory (pp.181-197). Oxford University Press.
Minto, R. & Mergaert L. (2018). Gender mainstreaming and evaluation in the EU: comparative perspectives from feminist institutionalism. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(2), 204-220.
Miyake, T. (1958). Chihou Koumuin-no Shokkaisei (Japanese). Gyosei Kenkyu Sosyo, 3, 80-96.
Morinaga, K. (2010). Kin'nen-no Koumuin- Seid o-Kaikaku-no Kei’i: J its ugens hita- Mono, Nokoru-Kadai (Japanese). Bulletin of National Personnel Authority, March 2010.
Murao, Y. (2022). Koumu'in-no Saiyou-Senkou-to Seibetsu-Jouhou: Sabetsu-to Tatakau Tool- toshiteno Gender Toukei (Japanese). The Journal of Ohara Institute for Social Research, 763, 33-48.
National Personnel Authority (n.d.). Personnel Evaluation. https://www.jinji.go.jp/seisaku/ kihonshisaku/jinjihyouka.html
OJ. (1962)45, Regulation No 31 (EEC), 11 (EAEC), laying down the Staff Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.
OJ. (2004)L124, Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 723/2004 of 22 March 2004 amending the Staff Regulations of officials of the European Communities and the Conditions of Employment of other servants of the European Communities.
OJ. (2010)L311, Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1080/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 amending the Staff Regulations of Officials of the European Communities and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of those Communities.
Okada, M. (2023). Kokka-Koumuin-no Shokumu Gainen: Shokkaisei-no Keigaika-kara Mieru Genjou-to kadai (Japanese). The Japanese Journal of Labour Studies, 65(10), 4-12.
Otani , M. (2023). Chihou Jichitai - ni Okeru Saiyoukats udou-no Genjou-to Kadai: Saiyou Shiken-no Minaoshi-wo Chuushin- ni (Japanese). Journal of Local Government Legal Research, 72, 14-18.
Pollack, M. A. (2003). The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU, Oxford University Press.
Pollack, M. A. & Hafner-Burton, E. (2000). Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 7(3), 432-456.
Schön-Quinl ivan, E. (2011). Ref orming the European Commission. Palgrave Macmillan.
Spierenburg, D. (1979). Proposals for Reform of the Commission of the European Communities and its Services Report made at the request of the Commission by an Independent Review Body under the chairmanship of Mr Dirk Spierenburg. Brussels, 24 September 1979.
Traité de Rome (CEE): Trai té i ns ti tuant la Communauté Économique Européenne et documents annexes.
United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
World Economic Forum. (2024). Global Gender Gap 2024. Insight Report.