Key Factors of Stunting Prevalence: Configurational Analysis of Sub-Districts in Sleman, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study employs crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to examine the determinants of stunting prevalence in 17 sub-districts of Sleman Regency. Addressing the critical issue of stunting, the research aims to identify factors contributing to high and low stunting prevalence. Methodologically, this study advances the application of csQCA in public health research by uncovering the complex interplay of conditions affecting stunting rates, demonstrating its utility in identifying precise causal configurations. Findings reveal that high stunting prevalence is uniquely caused by poor stunting management performance, making it both necessary and sufficient. Moreover, the study elucidates the concept of asymmetric causality by demonstrating that low stunting prevalence results from diverse combinations of high stunting management performance and advanced village development, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of causality in public health research. This study not only underscores the need for multi-dimensional strategies but also enriches the WHO framework by methodologically enhancing the identification of necessary and sufficient conditions for effective stunting management, offering a refined approach to tackling complex public health challenges. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers to develop comprehensive stunting reduction strategies, focusing on improving stunting management and fostering village infrastructure development.
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PRASETYA UTOMO, Puguh.
Key Factors of Stunting Prevalence: Configurational Analysis of Sub-Districts in Sleman, Indonesia.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 249-268, sep. 2024.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/981>. Date accessed: 05 oct. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v8i3.981.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency. (2023). Sleman Regency in Figure 2022. BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency,.
BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency. (2024). Sleman Regency in Figure 2023. BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency,.
Cetthakrikul, N., Topothai, C., Suphanchaimat, R., Tisayaticom, K., Limwattananon, S., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2018). Childhood stunting in Thailand: when prolonged breastfeeding interacts with household poverty. BMC Pediatrics, 2018(18), 395.
Chen, D., Fang, X., Chen, Y., Zheng, X., Chen, Z., & Smith, R. B. W. (2024). The impact of the Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee (Rural Dibao) Program on child nutrition outcomes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23(2), 444-456.
Cronqvist, L. (2019). Tosmana (Version 1.6.1) [Software]. In http://www.tosmana.net
Daniel, D., Qaimamunazzala, H., Prawira, J., Siantoro, A., Sirait, M., Tanaboleng, Y. B., & Padmawati, R. S. (2023). Interactions of Factors Related to the Stunting Reduction Program in Indonesia: A Case Study in Ende District. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv, 53(3), 354-362.
Djani, W., & Therikh, J. J. (2024). Policy handling to accelerate stunting reduction in Kupang Tengah District, Regency East Nusa Tenggara Province. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, 10.5102/rbpp.v14i1.9286. Brazilian Journal of Public Policy, 14(1), 302-317. https://doi.org/10.5102/rbpp. v14i1.9286
Dorsey, J. L., Manohar, S., Neupane, S., Shrestha, B., Klemm, R. D. W., & West, K. P. (2018). Individual, household, and community level risk factors of stunting in children younger than 5 years: Findings from a national surveillance system in Nepal. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14(1), Article e12434.
Erlyn, P., Hidayat, B., Fatoni, A., & Saksono, H. (2021). Nutritional Interventions by Local Governments as an Effort to Accelerate Stunting Reduction. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(3), 543-553.
Fischer, M. (2015). Institutions and coalitions in pol icy pr ocesses: A cr oss-sect or a l comparison. Journal of Public Policy, 35(2), 245-268.
Fiss, P. C., Marx, A., & Cambre´, B. (2013). Introduction. In P. C. Fiss, B. Cambre, & A. Marx (Eds.), Configurational theory and methods in organizational research (Vol. 38, pp. 1-22). Emerald Publishing.
Greckhamer, T., Furnari, S., Fiss, P. C., & Aguilera, R. V. (2018). Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization research. Strategic Organization, 16(4), 482-495.
Idrus, N. I., Zulkifli, A., Arsin, A. A., Hidayanty, H., & Riskiyani, S. (2023). Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 6-24 Months at Pambusuang Health Centre Working Area, Polewali Mandar Regency, Indonesia. National Journal of Community Medicine, 14(12), 842-848.
Indra, J., & Khoirunurrofik, K. (2022). Understanding the role of village fund and administrative capacity in stunting reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262743.
Kandpal, E., Alderman, H., Friedman, J., Filmer, D., Onishi, J., & Avalos, J. (2016). A Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines Reduces Severe Stunting123. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(9), 1793-1800.
Kuhnt, J., & Vollmer, S. (2017). Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ open, 7(11), 1-7.
Kwami, C. S., Godfrey, S., Gavilan, H., Lakhanpaul, M., & Parikh, P. (2019). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 1-21.
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MoVDDRT. (2022). Village Development Index 2022. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
MoVDDRT. (2023). Village Development Index 2023. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
Musheiguza, E., Mbegalo, T., & Mbukwa, J. N. (2023). Bayesian multilevel modelling of the association between socio-economic status and stunting among under-five-year children in Tanzania. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 4 (1), Article 135.
Namirembe, G., Shrestha, R., Webb, P., Houser, R., Davis, D., Baral, K., Mezzano, J., & Ghosh, S. (2022). Measuring Governance: Developing a Novel M et ric for Assessing W het her Policy Environments are Conducive for th e D eve lo pm e nt and Im ple m e ntati o n of Nut rit ion Int erv entions in Nepal . International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(3), 362-373. https://doi. org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.135
Nazli, S., Yasemin, K., Selcuk, A., Mehmet, Y., Canan, T., & Bilge, T. (2018). Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning. In O. A. Zouhair (Ed.), Family Planning (pp. 33-50). IntechOpen.
Nisbett , N., & Barnett , I. (2017). Explaining the reduction in child undernutrition in the Indian state of Maharashtra between 2006 and 2012: An analysis of the policy processes. Food Policy, 70, 27-39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodpol.2017.05.006
Ragin, C. C. (2006). Set relations in social research: Evaluating their consistency and coverage. Political Analysis, 14(3), 291-310.
Remans, R., Pronyk, P. M., Fanzo, J. C., Chen, J., Palm, C. A., Nemser, B., Muniz, M., Radunsky, A., Abay, A. H., Coul ibaly, M ., M ensah- Homiah, J., Wagah, M., An, X., Mwaura, C., Quintana, E., Somers, M.-A., Sanchez, P. A., Sachs, S.
E., McArthur, J. W., & Sachs, J. D. (2011). Multisector intervention to accelerate reductions in child stunting: an observational study from 9 sub-Saharan African countries1234. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(6), 1632 1642.
Reyes, H., Pérez-Cuevas, R., Sandoval, A., Castillo, R., Santos, J. I., Doubova, S. V., & Gutiérrez, G. (2004). The family as a determinant of stunting in children living in conditions of extreme poverty: a case-control study. BMC Public Health, 4(57), 1-10.
Rihoux, B., & Mour, G. D. (2009). Crisp-setqualitative comparative analysis (CS-QCA). In B. Rihoux & C. C. Ragin (Eds.), Configurational Comparative Methods: Comparative Qualitative Analysis and Related Techniques (pp. 33-68). Sage.
Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (Eds.). (2009). Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques. Sage.
Roy, T. B., Das, T., Das, P., & Das, P. (2023). Analyzing determinants from both compositional and contextual level impeding desired linear growth of children in Indian context. BMC Nutrition, 9(1), Article 69.
Rukiko, M. D., Mwakalobo, A. B. S., & Mmasa, J. J. (2023). The impact of Conditional Cash Transfer program on stunting in under five year's poor children. Public Health in Practice, 6, Article 100437.
Saif, S., & Anwar, S. (2023). Unraveling the South Asian enigma: concurrent manifestations of child anthropometric failures and their determinants in selected South Asian countries. BMC Nutrition, 9(1), Article 120.
Salazar-Morales, D. A. (2022). A Mercantile Theory of Expert Knowledge Utilization in Patrimonialist Bureaucracies: Evidence from the Health Sector in Peru. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(3), 391-406. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac033
Saleem, J., Zakar, R., Butt, M. S., Aadil, R. M., Ali, Z., Bukhari, G. M. J., Ishaq, M., & Fischer, F. (2024). Application of the Boruta algorithm to assess the multidimensional determinants of malnutrition among children under five years living in southern Punjab, Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 167.
Sarma, H., Khan, J. R., Asaduzzaman, M., Uddin, F., Tarannum, S., Hasan, M., Rahman, A. S., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Stunting Among Children Aged Below Five Years in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 38(3), 291-301.
Saxton, J., Rath, S., Nair, N., Gope, R., Mahapatra, R., Tripathy, P., & Prost, A. (2016). Handwashing, sanitation and family planning practices are the strongest underlying determinants of child stunting in rural indigenous communities of Jharkhand and Odisha, Eastern India: a cross-sectional study. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 12(4), 869-884.
Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2012). Set- Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Scott, N., Delport, D., Hainsworth, S., Pearson, R., Morgan, C., Huang, S., Akuoku, J. K., Piwoz, E., Shekar, M., Levin, C., Toole, M., & Homer, C. S. E. (2020). Ending malnutrition in all its forms requires scaling up proven nutrition interventions and much more: a 129-country analysis. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 356.
Sleman Health Office. (2021). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring Sleman 2021.
Sleman P3AP2KB Office. (2022). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring 2022.
Sleman P3AP2KB Office. (2023). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring 2023.
Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. Matern Child Nutr, 9(2), 27-45.
Sunarya, A. (2023). Stunting Reduction in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(7), 2223-2231.
Thahir, A. I. A., Li, M., Holmes, A., & Gordon, A. (2023). Exploring Factors Associated with Stunting in 6-Month-Old Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nutrients, 15(15), Article 3420.
Thomann, E., & Maggetti, M. (2020). Designing resea rch with qualitative comparative analysis (QCA): Approaches, challenges, and tools. Sociological Methods & Research, 49(2), 356-386.
Thomann, E., van Engen, N., & Tummers, L. (2018). The necessity of discretion: A behavioral evaluation of bottom-up implementation theory. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(4), 583-601.
Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross- sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health, 16(669), 1-11.
UNICEF, WHO, & World Bank. (2023). Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: UNICEF / WHO / World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (Key findings of the 2023 edition). UNICEF & WHO.
Wake, S. K., Z ewoti r, T., L ulu, K., & F iss uh, Y. H . (2023). Longitudinal trends and determinants of stunting among children aged 1–15 years. Archives of Public Health, 81(1), Article 60.
Bigool, M. (2024). Effects of freematernal healthcare on stunting in children under five years of age: Evidence from Ghana. Development Policy Review.
BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency. (2023). Sleman Regency in Figure 2022. BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency,.
BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency. (2024). Sleman Regency in Figure 2023. BPS-Statistics of Sleman Regency,.
Cetthakrikul, N., Topothai, C., Suphanchaimat, R., Tisayaticom, K., Limwattananon, S., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2018). Childhood stunting in Thailand: when prolonged breastfeeding interacts with household poverty. BMC Pediatrics, 2018(18), 395.
Chen, D., Fang, X., Chen, Y., Zheng, X., Chen, Z., & Smith, R. B. W. (2024). The impact of the Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee (Rural Dibao) Program on child nutrition outcomes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23(2), 444-456.
Cronqvist, L. (2019). Tosmana (Version 1.6.1) [Software]. In http://www.tosmana.net
Daniel, D., Qaimamunazzala, H., Prawira, J., Siantoro, A., Sirait, M., Tanaboleng, Y. B., & Padmawati, R. S. (2023). Interactions of Factors Related to the Stunting Reduction Program in Indonesia: A Case Study in Ende District. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv, 53(3), 354-362.
Djani, W., & Therikh, J. J. (2024). Policy handling to accelerate stunting reduction in Kupang Tengah District, Regency East Nusa Tenggara Province. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, 10.5102/rbpp.v14i1.9286. Brazilian Journal of Public Policy, 14(1), 302-317. https://doi.org/10.5102/rbpp. v14i1.9286
Dorsey, J. L., Manohar, S., Neupane, S., Shrestha, B., Klemm, R. D. W., & West, K. P. (2018). Individual, household, and community level risk factors of stunting in children younger than 5 years: Findings from a national surveillance system in Nepal. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14(1), Article e12434.
Erlyn, P., Hidayat, B., Fatoni, A., & Saksono, H. (2021). Nutritional Interventions by Local Governments as an Effort to Accelerate Stunting Reduction. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(3), 543-553.
Fischer, M. (2015). Institutions and coalitions in pol icy pr ocesses: A cr oss-sect or a l comparison. Journal of Public Policy, 35(2), 245-268.
Fiss, P. C., Marx, A., & Cambre´, B. (2013). Introduction. In P. C. Fiss, B. Cambre, & A. Marx (Eds.), Configurational theory and methods in organizational research (Vol. 38, pp. 1-22). Emerald Publishing.
Greckhamer, T., Furnari, S., Fiss, P. C., & Aguilera, R. V. (2018). Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization research. Strategic Organization, 16(4), 482-495.
Idrus, N. I., Zulkifli, A., Arsin, A. A., Hidayanty, H., & Riskiyani, S. (2023). Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 6-24 Months at Pambusuang Health Centre Working Area, Polewali Mandar Regency, Indonesia. National Journal of Community Medicine, 14(12), 842-848.
Indra, J., & Khoirunurrofik, K. (2022). Understanding the role of village fund and administrative capacity in stunting reduction: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262743.
Kandpal, E., Alderman, H., Friedman, J., Filmer, D., Onishi, J., & Avalos, J. (2016). A Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines Reduces Severe Stunting123. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(9), 1793-1800.
Kuhnt, J., & Vollmer, S. (2017). Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ open, 7(11), 1-7.
Kwami, C. S., Godfrey, S., Gavilan, H., Lakhanpaul, M., & Parikh, P. (2019). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 1-21.
Ministry of Health. (2023). Indonesian Health Survey 2023. Ministry of Health.
MoVDDRT. (2019). Village Development Index 2019. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
MoVDDRT. (2020). Village Development Index 2020. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
MoVDDRT. (2021). Village Development Index 2021. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
MoVDDRT. (2022). Village Development Index 2022. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
MoVDDRT. (2023). Village Development Index 2023. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT).
Musheiguza, E., Mbegalo, T., & Mbukwa, J. N. (2023). Bayesian multilevel modelling of the association between socio-economic status and stunting among under-five-year children in Tanzania. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 4 (1), Article 135.
Namirembe, G., Shrestha, R., Webb, P., Houser, R., Davis, D., Baral, K., Mezzano, J., & Ghosh, S. (2022). Measuring Governance: Developing a Novel M et ric for Assessing W het her Policy Environments are Conducive for th e D eve lo pm e nt and Im ple m e ntati o n of Nut rit ion Int erv entions in Nepal . International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(3), 362-373. https://doi. org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.135
Nazli, S., Yasemin, K., Selcuk, A., Mehmet, Y., Canan, T., & Bilge, T. (2018). Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning. In O. A. Zouhair (Ed.), Family Planning (pp. 33-50). IntechOpen.
Nisbett , N., & Barnett , I. (2017). Explaining the reduction in child undernutrition in the Indian state of Maharashtra between 2006 and 2012: An analysis of the policy processes. Food Policy, 70, 27-39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodpol.2017.05.006
Ragin, C. C. (2006). Set relations in social research: Evaluating their consistency and coverage. Political Analysis, 14(3), 291-310.
Remans, R., Pronyk, P. M., Fanzo, J. C., Chen, J., Palm, C. A., Nemser, B., Muniz, M., Radunsky, A., Abay, A. H., Coul ibaly, M ., M ensah- Homiah, J., Wagah, M., An, X., Mwaura, C., Quintana, E., Somers, M.-A., Sanchez, P. A., Sachs, S.
E., McArthur, J. W., & Sachs, J. D. (2011). Multisector intervention to accelerate reductions in child stunting: an observational study from 9 sub-Saharan African countries1234. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(6), 1632 1642.
Reyes, H., Pérez-Cuevas, R., Sandoval, A., Castillo, R., Santos, J. I., Doubova, S. V., & Gutiérrez, G. (2004). The family as a determinant of stunting in children living in conditions of extreme poverty: a case-control study. BMC Public Health, 4(57), 1-10.
Rihoux, B., & Mour, G. D. (2009). Crisp-setqualitative comparative analysis (CS-QCA). In B. Rihoux & C. C. Ragin (Eds.), Configurational Comparative Methods: Comparative Qualitative Analysis and Related Techniques (pp. 33-68). Sage.
Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (Eds.). (2009). Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques. Sage.
Roy, T. B., Das, T., Das, P., & Das, P. (2023). Analyzing determinants from both compositional and contextual level impeding desired linear growth of children in Indian context. BMC Nutrition, 9(1), Article 69.
Rukiko, M. D., Mwakalobo, A. B. S., & Mmasa, J. J. (2023). The impact of Conditional Cash Transfer program on stunting in under five year's poor children. Public Health in Practice, 6, Article 100437.
Saif, S., & Anwar, S. (2023). Unraveling the South Asian enigma: concurrent manifestations of child anthropometric failures and their determinants in selected South Asian countries. BMC Nutrition, 9(1), Article 120.
Salazar-Morales, D. A. (2022). A Mercantile Theory of Expert Knowledge Utilization in Patrimonialist Bureaucracies: Evidence from the Health Sector in Peru. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(3), 391-406. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac033
Saleem, J., Zakar, R., Butt, M. S., Aadil, R. M., Ali, Z., Bukhari, G. M. J., Ishaq, M., & Fischer, F. (2024). Application of the Boruta algorithm to assess the multidimensional determinants of malnutrition among children under five years living in southern Punjab, Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 167.
Sarma, H., Khan, J. R., Asaduzzaman, M., Uddin, F., Tarannum, S., Hasan, M., Rahman, A. S., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Stunting Among Children Aged Below Five Years in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 38(3), 291-301.
Saxton, J., Rath, S., Nair, N., Gope, R., Mahapatra, R., Tripathy, P., & Prost, A. (2016). Handwashing, sanitation and family planning practices are the strongest underlying determinants of child stunting in rural indigenous communities of Jharkhand and Odisha, Eastern India: a cross-sectional study. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 12(4), 869-884.
Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2012). Set- Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Scott, N., Delport, D., Hainsworth, S., Pearson, R., Morgan, C., Huang, S., Akuoku, J. K., Piwoz, E., Shekar, M., Levin, C., Toole, M., & Homer, C. S. E. (2020). Ending malnutrition in all its forms requires scaling up proven nutrition interventions and much more: a 129-country analysis. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 356.
Sleman Health Office. (2021). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring Sleman 2021.
Sleman P3AP2KB Office. (2022). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring 2022.
Sleman P3AP2KB Office. (2023). Recapitulation Data of Infant Nutrition Status Monitoring 2023.
Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. Matern Child Nutr, 9(2), 27-45.
Sunarya, A. (2023). Stunting Reduction in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(7), 2223-2231.
Thahir, A. I. A., Li, M., Holmes, A., & Gordon, A. (2023). Exploring Factors Associated with Stunting in 6-Month-Old Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nutrients, 15(15), Article 3420.
Thomann, E., & Maggetti, M. (2020). Designing resea rch with qualitative comparative analysis (QCA): Approaches, challenges, and tools. Sociological Methods & Research, 49(2), 356-386.
Thomann, E., van Engen, N., & Tummers, L. (2018). The necessity of discretion: A behavioral evaluation of bottom-up implementation theory. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(4), 583-601.
Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross- sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health, 16(669), 1-11.
UNICEF, WHO, & World Bank. (2023). Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: UNICEF / WHO / World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (Key findings of the 2023 edition). UNICEF & WHO.
Wake, S. K., Z ewoti r, T., L ulu, K., & F iss uh, Y. H . (2023). Longitudinal trends and determinants of stunting among children aged 1–15 years. Archives of Public Health, 81(1), Article 60.