International Education beyond State Regulations in Indonesia: Practices from Y Province-Based Public and Private High Schools
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine implementation of the international education (IE) policy (under the so-called Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (the Law of National Education System) and its legal derivatives) at high school level in Indonesia by investigating the policy text and its dynamic practices concerning the IE policies at both public and private schools. The study employs qualitative case study methodology combining data collection methods which include individual interviews to key resource persons and documents analysis at national, local and at school levels. Using the Vidovich policy framework, the study explores how national executive, legislative and judicial (states) bodies interact in formulating IE policy and how the policy has impacted at school level. Two schools of public and private that implemented international curriculum were selected as case studies. The study finds that the IE policy that was initially formulated at national level by relevant state authorities/agencies has however resulted in weakening role of the state due in part to its centralized feature (despite its decentralized implementation claim). Consequently, in the stage of its implementation at school level, providers of IE and their champions as non-state actors play significant roles. The study indicates importance and significance of relevant state authorities at local government level in the framework to offer effective supervision on the IE policy implementation.
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ARFANI, Junita Widiati.
International Education beyond State Regulations in Indonesia: Practices from Y Province-Based Public and Private High Schools.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 3, p. 258-271, sep. 2019.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/151>. Date accessed: 18 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v3i3.151.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Arfani, J. W. & Nakaya, A. (2018). Unpublished article. Japan: Hiroshima University.
Cambridge. (n.d). Our history. Retrieved from https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/about-us/our-history/
Dhakidae, D. (2003). Cendekiawan dan kekuasaan dalam negara Orde Baru. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Effendi, S. (2005, September 22). GATS dan liberalisasi pendidikan tinggi. Speech presented at GATS: Neo-Imperialisme modern dalam pendidikan in Indonesia, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http:// sofian.staff.ugm.ac.id/artikel/GATS-dan- Liberalisasi-Pendidikan.pdf
Enders, J. ( 2 0 0 4 ). Highereducation , internationalisation, and the nation-state: Recent developments and challenges to governance theory. Higher Education, 47(3), 361-382.
Hayden, M ., & Thompson, J. (1995). International schools and international education: A relationship reviewed. Oxford Review of Education, 21(3), 327-345. doi: 10.1080/0305498950210306
Hayden, M., Levy, J., & Thompson, J. (2015). Introduction to the second edition. In M. Hayden, J. Levy, & J. Thompson (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education (pp. 1-27). London: Sage Publications.
Haywood, T. (2015). International mindedness and its enemies. In M. Hayden, J. Levy, & J. Thompson (Eds.), The Sage Handbookof Research in International Education (pp. 45-58). London: Sage Publications.
Hafil, M. (2014). Sekolah Internasional harusnya tidak menerima siswa WNI. Republika.co.id. Retrieved from https:// www.republika.co.id/berita/pendidikan/ education/14/04/29/n4s6w6-sekolah- internasional-harusnya-tidak-menerima- siswa-wni
Hill, I. (2000). Internationally minded school. International Schools Journal, XX(1), 24-37.
Hill, I. (2012). Evolution of education for international mindedness. In T. Bunnell, M. Hayden, & J. Thompson (Eds.), International Education (pp. 177-196). London: Sage Publications.
IBO (n.d.). Find an IB world school. Retrieved from https://www.ibo.org/programmes/ find-an-ib-school/ .
IBO. (n.d.a). The history of the IB. Retrieved from https://www.ibo.org/globalassets/digital- tookit/presentations/1711-presentation- history-of-the-ib-en.pdf.
Jones, T. (2013). Understanding education policy: The four education orientations. New York: Springer.
Kazuhisa, H. (2018). The reason why schools adopt the International Baccalaureate Programmes: A review of the literature. The Tsuru University Review, 87, 223-239.
Leigh, B. (1999). Learning and knowing boundaries: Schooling in new order Indonesia. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 4(1), 34-56.
Ledger, S. (2013). The International Baccalaureate in remote Indonesian contexts: A global to local curriculum policy trajectory (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Australia, 2013). Perth, Australia: The University of Western Australia.
Laksono, F., Wijayanti, W.,Triningsih, A., Mardiya, N. Q. (2013). Implikasi dan implementasi putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 5/PUU-X/2012 tentang RSBI dan SBI. Jurnal Konstitusi, 10(4),731-760.
Lauder, H. (2015). International school, education and globalisation: Towards a research agenda. In M. Hayden, J. Levy, & J. Thompson (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education (pp.172-181). London: Sage Publications.
Merriam, S. B. & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sus taining superior performance. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Republic of Indonesia. (1945). Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945.
Republic of Indonesia. (1950). The Education System (Law No 4/1950). Jakarta: Secretary of State of the Republic of Indonesia.
Repub lic of Indonesia. (1989). National Education System (Law No. 02/1989). Jakarta: Ministry of National Education.
Republic of Indonesia. (1990). The Secondary Education (Government Regulations No. 29/1990). Jakarta: Ministry of State Secretariat.
Republic of Indonesia. (1998). Amendment on Government Regulation No. 29/1990 on the Secondary Education (Government Regulations No. 56/ 1998). Jakarta: Ministry of State Secretariat.
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). International Standardized School (Ministerial Regulation No. 78/2009). Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
Republic of Indonesia. (2013). Transition of RSBI Policy (Circular Letter No. 017/MPK/ SE/2013). Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
Republic of Indonesia. (2003). National Education System (Law No. 20/2003). Jakarta: Ministry of National Education.
Republic of Indonesia. (2014). Cooperation in educational management and provision between foreign education agencies and education agencies in Indonesia (Ministerial Decree No. 31/2014). Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
Republic of Indonesia. (2012). Constitutional Court Decision Number 5/PUU-X on the status of the law supporting International Standard Schools in Indonesia. Jakarta: Constitutional Court.
Robertson, L.S. (2017). Making education markets through global trade agree m e nts . Globalisation, Societies and Education , 15(3), 296-308. doi: 10.1080/14767724.2017.1345408
Parlina, I., Aritonang, M. S. (2013, January 9). Court rules international-standard schools illegal for unequal access. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www. thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/09/ c o u rt-r ul e s -i nter na ti o na l - s ta n d a r d - schools-illegal-unequal-access.html
Sylvester, R. (2005). Framing the map of international education (1969-1998). In T. Bunnell, M. Hayden, & J. Thompson (Eds.), International Education (pp. 293-317). London: Sage Publications.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). Education for international understanding: Examples and suggestion for classroom use. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/ pf0000000011
Visser, A. (2010). International education in a national context: Introducing the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme in Dutch public schools. Journal of Research in International Education, 9(2), 141-152. doi: 10.1177/1475240910370816
Vidovich, L. (2001). A conceptual framework for analysis of education policy and practices. Paper presented at The Australian Association for Research in Education in The University of Western Australia, Perth.