Cultural Public Sphere: Tracking the Yogyakarta City Policy Agenda through the #JogjaOraDidol Hashtag on Twitter
Main Article Content
Abstract
Instead of studying the virtual space using the Political Public Sphere concept, this study adopts the Literary Public Sphere point of view to examine and narrate the nature of a Cultural Public Sphere in social media. The researchers see interactivity in social media as an articulation of expression involving emotions and aesthetics (affective communication). Using the mixed method of Topic Modelling, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Discourse Analysis in the case of the presence of the #JogjaOraDidol hashtag in Twitter, this study conclude that the Cultural Public Sphere has three dimensions of Public Sphere as introduced by Dahlgren (2005). The dynamic of inclusivity for anyone to express themselves and to engage in public issues discussions indicates that space is inclusive not only because of the technical support of the media but also because of the commitment of its users (structural dimension). The emergence of three virtual communities (fans, artists and activists) that develop a collective identity represents a subset of the real local population and demonstrates the ideal role taking of the representational aspect of Public Sphere. The interactional one is indicated by the discourse constructed using reflexive but straightforward symbols represent the interaction between users and the meaning that users do to the contents of the media used. Meanwhile, the real action show of the discourse develops virtually does not entrap the user in pseudo-empowerment. As an implication, using specific parameter, notably the hashtag identifies a social movement, policymakers can use data from social media in the agenda-setting process. Additionally, in the context of #JogjaOraDidol, soft data can also be used to evaluate the moratorium policy of granting the hotel's construction permit.
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How to Cite
FAHMI, Ujang.
Cultural Public Sphere: Tracking the Yogyakarta City Policy Agenda through the #JogjaOraDidol Hashtag on Twitter.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 1, p. 73-90, apr. 2019.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/123>. Date accessed: 19 sep. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v3i1.123.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. London: Penguin Group. https://doi.org/10.2307/323448
Blei, D. M., Y.Ng, A., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993–1022.
Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112
BPS Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2016). Direktori Hotel dan Akomodasi Lain Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta.
Brenne, S. (2016). Political Discussion on Social Media and the Public Sphere. Sociology and Anthropology, 4(4), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2016.040410
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Castells, M. (2008). The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311877
Ceron, A. (2017). Social Media, Collective Action and Public Policy. In Social Media and Political Accountability (pp. 133–156). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52627-0_7
Ceron, A., & Negri, F. (2015). Public policy and social media: How sentiment analysis can support policy-makers across the policy cycle. Rivista Italiana Di Politiche Pubbliche, 10(3), 309–338. https://doi.org/10.1483/81600
Ceron, A., & Negri, F. (2016). The “Social Side†of Public Policy: Monitoring Online Public Opinion and Its Mobilization During the Policy Cycle. Policy and Internet, 8(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.117
Chen, P. J. (2013). Policy in an age of information. In Australian Politics in a Digital Age (p. 286). Canberra: ANU E Press.
Curran, J. (1993). Rethinking the media as a public sphere. In P. Dahlgren & C. Sparks (Eds.), Communication adn Citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere (3rd ed., pp. 27–56). London and Newyork: Routledge.
Dahlberg, L. (1998). Cyberspace and the Public Sphere: Exploring the Democratic Potential of the Net. Convergence, 4(1), 70–84.
Dahlberg, L. (2007). The Internet and Discursive Exclusion: From Deliberative to Agonistic Public Sphere Theory. In L. Dahlberg & E. Siapera (Eds.), Radical Democracy and the Internet: Interrogating Theory and Practice (p. 262). New York: Palgrave.
Dahlberg, L. (2014). Net-Public Sphere Research: Beyond The “First Phase.†Javnost - The Public, 11(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2004.11008845
Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation. Political Communication, 22(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590933160
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Donnell, S. O. (2001). Analysing the Internet and the Public Sphere: The Case of Womenslink. Javnost - The Public, 8(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2001.11008764
Dumas, C. L., LaManna, D., Harrison, T. M., Ravi, S., Kotfila, C., Gervais, N., … Chen, F. (2015). Examining political mobilization of online communities through e-petitioning behavior in We the People. Big Data & Society, 2(2), 205395171559817. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715598170
El-Nawawy, M., & Khamis, S. (2010). Collective identity in the virtual islamic public sphere: Contemporary discourses in two Islamic websites. International Communication Gazette, 72(3), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509356949
Eltantawy, N., & Wiest, J. B. (2011). Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1207–1224. https://doi.org/1932-8036/2011FEA1207
Etling, B., Roberts, H., & Faris, R. (2014). Blogs as an Alternative Public Sphere: The Role of Blogs, Mainstream Media, and TV in Russia’s Media Ecology. The Berkman Center for Internet & Society Research Publication Series (Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427932
Habermas, J. (1991). The Structural Transformatin of the Public Sphere: An Inquery into a Category of Burgeois Society. Massachusetts: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Heijden, H.-A. van der. (2010). Social Movements, Public Spheres and the European Politics of the Environment: Green Power Europe? Hampshire: Palgrave and Macmillan.
Höchtl, J., Parycek, P., & Schöllhammer, R. (2016). Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1–2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014
Koltsova, O., & Koltcov, S. (2013). Mapping the Public Agenda with Topic Modeling: The Case of the Russian LiveJournal. Policy and Internet, 5(2), 207–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI331
Kusumasari, B. (2014). Social Media dan Eksklusi Remaja dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Publik. Jurnal Kebijakan & Administrasi Publik, 18(2), 119–129.
Levasseur, D. G., & Carlin, D. B. (2001). Egocentric Argument and the Public Sphere: Citizen Deliberations on Public Policy and Policymakers. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4(3), 407–431. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41940589
Lim, M. (2012). Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01628.x
Lim, M. (2013a). Digital Media and Malaysia’ s Electoral Reform Movement. In W. Berenschot, H. S. Nordholt, & L. Bakker (Eds.), Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia (pp. 224–251). Leiden: Brill Academic Publisher.
Lim, M. (2013b). Framing Bouazizi: “White liesâ€, hybrid network, and collective/connective action in the 2010-11 Tunisian uprising. Journalism, 14(7), 921–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913478359
Lim, M. (2013c). Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(4), 636–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2013.769386
Lim, M. (2017a). Digital Media and Malaysia’s Electoral Reform Movement. In Ward Berenschot, Henk Schulte Nordholt, & Laurens Bakker (Eds.), Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/j.ctt1w76ws5.13
Lim, M. (2017b). Freedom to hate: social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188
Maier, D., Waldherr, A., Miltner, P., Wiedemann, G., Niekler, A., Keinert, A., … Adam, S. (2018). Applying LDA topic modeling in communication research: Toward a valid and reliable methodology. Communication Methods and Measures, 00(00), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1430754
Marwick, A. E. (2014). Ethnographic and Qualitative Research on Twitter. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahart, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society (pp. 109–122). New York: Peter Lang.
McGuigan, J. (2005). The cultural public sphere. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(4), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549405057827
Mergel, I. (2017). Building Holistic Evidence for Social Media Impact. Public Administration Review, 77(4), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12780
Metzgar, E., & Maruggi, A. (2009). Social Media and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. Journal of New Communication Reserach, 4(1), 141–166.
Mueller, P. S., & van Huellen, S. (2012). A Revolution in 140 Characters? Reflecting on the Role of Social Networking Technologies in the 2009 Iranian Post-Election Protests. Policy & Internet, 4(3–4), 184–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.16
Oblak, T. (2002). Dialogue and representation: Communication in the electronic public sphere. Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 9(2), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2002.11008797
Palen, L. (2008). Online Social Media in Crisis Events. Educause Quarterly, 31(3), 76–78.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The Internet as Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The Virtual Sphere 2.0: The Internet, the Public Sphere and beyond. In A. Chadwick & P.
Howard (Eds.), Handbook of Internet Politics (pp. 1–35). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12016_66
Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. R. (2010). How to analyze political attention with minimal assumptions and costs. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00427.x
Sayre, B., Bode, L., Shah, D., Wilcox, D., & Shah, C. (2010). Agenda Setting in a Digital Age: Tracking Attention to California Proposition 8 in Social Media, Online News and Conventional News. Policy & Internet, 2(2), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1040
Schneider, S. M. (1996). Creating a Democratic Public Sphere Through Political Discussion: A Case Study of Abortion Conversation on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 14(4), 373–393.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. London: Yale University Press.
Severo, M., Feredj, A., & Romele, A. (2016). Soft Data and Public Policy: Can Social Media Offer Alternatives to Official Statistics in Urban Policymaking? Policy and Internet, 8(3), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.127
Sima, Y. (2011). Grassroots Environmental Activism and the Internet: Constructing a Green Public Sphere in China. Asian Studies Review, 35(4), 477–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2011.628007
Squires, C. R. (2002). Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres. Communication Theory, 12(4), 446–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00278.x
Supeli, K. (2010). Ruang Publik Dunia Maya. In F. Budi Hardiman (Ed.), Ruang Publik: Melacak “Patisipasi Demokratis†dari Polis Sampai Cyberspace (6th ed., pp. 329–346). Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Theocharis, Y. (2013). The Wealth of (Occupation) Networks? Communication Patterns and Information Distribution in a Twitter Protest Network. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 10(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.701106
van den Heerik, R. A. M., van Hooijdonk, C. M. J., Burgers, C., & Steen, G. J. (2017). “Smoking Is Sóóó ... Sandals and White Socksâ€: Co-Creation of a Dutch Anti-Smoking Campaign to Change Social Norms. Health Communication, 32(5), 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1168000
Witteborn, S. (2007). The situated expression of Arab collective identities in the United States. Journal of Communication, 57(3), 556–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00357.x
Yang, G., & Calhoun, C. (2007). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere in China. China Information, (2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X07079644
Batorski, D., & Grzywińska, I. (2017). Three dimensions of the public sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
Beers, D. (2006). The Public Sphere and Online, Independent Journalism. Canadian Journal of Education, 29(1), 109–130.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. London: Penguin Group. https://doi.org/10.2307/323448
Blei, D. M., Y.Ng, A., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993–1022.
Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112
BPS Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2016). Direktori Hotel dan Akomodasi Lain Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta.
Brenne, S. (2016). Political Discussion on Social Media and the Public Sphere. Sociology and Anthropology, 4(4), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2016.040410
Calhoun, C. (2014). Civil society and the public sphere. In M. Edwards (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society (pp. 311–323). New York. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398571.013.0025
Castells, M. (2008). The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311877
Ceron, A. (2017). Social Media, Collective Action and Public Policy. In Social Media and Political Accountability (pp. 133–156). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52627-0_7
Ceron, A., & Negri, F. (2015). Public policy and social media: How sentiment analysis can support policy-makers across the policy cycle. Rivista Italiana Di Politiche Pubbliche, 10(3), 309–338. https://doi.org/10.1483/81600
Ceron, A., & Negri, F. (2016). The “Social Side†of Public Policy: Monitoring Online Public Opinion and Its Mobilization During the Policy Cycle. Policy and Internet, 8(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.117
Chen, P. J. (2013). Policy in an age of information. In Australian Politics in a Digital Age (p. 286). Canberra: ANU E Press.
Curran, J. (1993). Rethinking the media as a public sphere. In P. Dahlgren & C. Sparks (Eds.), Communication adn Citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere (3rd ed., pp. 27–56). London and Newyork: Routledge.
Dahlberg, L. (1998). Cyberspace and the Public Sphere: Exploring the Democratic Potential of the Net. Convergence, 4(1), 70–84.
Dahlberg, L. (2007). The Internet and Discursive Exclusion: From Deliberative to Agonistic Public Sphere Theory. In L. Dahlberg & E. Siapera (Eds.), Radical Democracy and the Internet: Interrogating Theory and Practice (p. 262). New York: Palgrave.
Dahlberg, L. (2014). Net-Public Sphere Research: Beyond The “First Phase.†Javnost - The Public, 11(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2004.11008845
Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation. Political Communication, 22(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590933160
Dahlgren, P. (2013). The Political Web: Media, Participation and Alternative Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dhillon, A. (2014). Social Media and Revolution: The Importance of the Internet in Tunisia’s Uprising (Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection No. 1938).
Donnell, S. O. (2001). Analysing the Internet and the Public Sphere: The Case of Womenslink. Javnost - The Public, 8(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2001.11008764
Dumas, C. L., LaManna, D., Harrison, T. M., Ravi, S., Kotfila, C., Gervais, N., … Chen, F. (2015). Examining political mobilization of online communities through e-petitioning behavior in We the People. Big Data & Society, 2(2), 205395171559817. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715598170
El-Nawawy, M., & Khamis, S. (2010). Collective identity in the virtual islamic public sphere: Contemporary discourses in two Islamic websites. International Communication Gazette, 72(3), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509356949
Eltantawy, N., & Wiest, J. B. (2011). Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1207–1224. https://doi.org/1932-8036/2011FEA1207
Etling, B., Roberts, H., & Faris, R. (2014). Blogs as an Alternative Public Sphere: The Role of Blogs, Mainstream Media, and TV in Russia’s Media Ecology. The Berkman Center for Internet & Society Research Publication Series (Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427932
Habermas, J. (1991). The Structural Transformatin of the Public Sphere: An Inquery into a Category of Burgeois Society. Massachusetts: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Heijden, H.-A. van der. (2010). Social Movements, Public Spheres and the European Politics of the Environment: Green Power Europe? Hampshire: Palgrave and Macmillan.
Höchtl, J., Parycek, P., & Schöllhammer, R. (2016). Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1–2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014
Koltsova, O., & Koltcov, S. (2013). Mapping the Public Agenda with Topic Modeling: The Case of the Russian LiveJournal. Policy and Internet, 5(2), 207–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI331
Kusumasari, B. (2014). Social Media dan Eksklusi Remaja dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Publik. Jurnal Kebijakan & Administrasi Publik, 18(2), 119–129.
Levasseur, D. G., & Carlin, D. B. (2001). Egocentric Argument and the Public Sphere: Citizen Deliberations on Public Policy and Policymakers. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 4(3), 407–431. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41940589
Lim, M. (2012). Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01628.x
Lim, M. (2013a). Digital Media and Malaysia’ s Electoral Reform Movement. In W. Berenschot, H. S. Nordholt, & L. Bakker (Eds.), Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia (pp. 224–251). Leiden: Brill Academic Publisher.
Lim, M. (2013b). Framing Bouazizi: “White liesâ€, hybrid network, and collective/connective action in the 2010-11 Tunisian uprising. Journalism, 14(7), 921–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913478359
Lim, M. (2013c). Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(4), 636–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2013.769386
Lim, M. (2017a). Digital Media and Malaysia’s Electoral Reform Movement. In Ward Berenschot, Henk Schulte Nordholt, & Laurens Bakker (Eds.), Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/j.ctt1w76ws5.13
Lim, M. (2017b). Freedom to hate: social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188
Maier, D., Waldherr, A., Miltner, P., Wiedemann, G., Niekler, A., Keinert, A., … Adam, S. (2018). Applying LDA topic modeling in communication research: Toward a valid and reliable methodology. Communication Methods and Measures, 00(00), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1430754
Marwick, A. E. (2014). Ethnographic and Qualitative Research on Twitter. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahart, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and Society (pp. 109–122). New York: Peter Lang.
McGuigan, J. (2005). The cultural public sphere. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(4), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549405057827
Mergel, I. (2017). Building Holistic Evidence for Social Media Impact. Public Administration Review, 77(4), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12780
Metzgar, E., & Maruggi, A. (2009). Social Media and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. Journal of New Communication Reserach, 4(1), 141–166.
Mueller, P. S., & van Huellen, S. (2012). A Revolution in 140 Characters? Reflecting on the Role of Social Networking Technologies in the 2009 Iranian Post-Election Protests. Policy & Internet, 4(3–4), 184–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.16
Oblak, T. (2002). Dialogue and representation: Communication in the electronic public sphere. Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 9(2), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2002.11008797
Palen, L. (2008). Online Social Media in Crisis Events. Educause Quarterly, 31(3), 76–78.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The Internet as Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The Virtual Sphere 2.0: The Internet, the Public Sphere and beyond. In A. Chadwick & P.
Howard (Eds.), Handbook of Internet Politics (pp. 1–35). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12016_66
Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. R. (2010). How to analyze political attention with minimal assumptions and costs. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00427.x
Sayre, B., Bode, L., Shah, D., Wilcox, D., & Shah, C. (2010). Agenda Setting in a Digital Age: Tracking Attention to California Proposition 8 in Social Media, Online News and Conventional News. Policy & Internet, 2(2), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1040
Schneider, S. M. (1996). Creating a Democratic Public Sphere Through Political Discussion: A Case Study of Abortion Conversation on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 14(4), 373–393.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. London: Yale University Press.
Severo, M., Feredj, A., & Romele, A. (2016). Soft Data and Public Policy: Can Social Media Offer Alternatives to Official Statistics in Urban Policymaking? Policy and Internet, 8(3), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.127
Sima, Y. (2011). Grassroots Environmental Activism and the Internet: Constructing a Green Public Sphere in China. Asian Studies Review, 35(4), 477–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2011.628007
Squires, C. R. (2002). Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres. Communication Theory, 12(4), 446–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00278.x
Supeli, K. (2010). Ruang Publik Dunia Maya. In F. Budi Hardiman (Ed.), Ruang Publik: Melacak “Patisipasi Demokratis†dari Polis Sampai Cyberspace (6th ed., pp. 329–346). Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Theocharis, Y. (2013). The Wealth of (Occupation) Networks? Communication Patterns and Information Distribution in a Twitter Protest Network. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 10(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.701106
van den Heerik, R. A. M., van Hooijdonk, C. M. J., Burgers, C., & Steen, G. J. (2017). “Smoking Is Sóóó ... Sandals and White Socksâ€: Co-Creation of a Dutch Anti-Smoking Campaign to Change Social Norms. Health Communication, 32(5), 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1168000
Witteborn, S. (2007). The situated expression of Arab collective identities in the United States. Journal of Communication, 57(3), 556–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00357.x
Yang, G., & Calhoun, C. (2007). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere in China. China Information, (2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X07079644