Educational Technology for Digital Transformation of Higher Education Institutions into Entrepreneurial Universities
Main Article Content
Abstract
Digital technology is transforming higher education institutions into entrepreneurial universities, which, in turn, supports economic development and knowledge generation. The integration of education technology enhances access, equity, inclusion, and the quality of learning experiences. This research aims to uncover how educational technology promotes digital transformation in Indonesia's higher education, fosters an entrepreneurial mindset, and contributes to social and economic growth. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, with the data collected using purposive sampling. The questionnaire was designed to represent the indicators set in the variables, and the results were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. This study analyzes 45 universities aiming to become entrepreneurial institutions, with 155 respondents filling out the questionnaire. The integration of educational technology and digital transformation in higher education has significant implications, affecting teaching methods, administrative efficiency, and the educational environment. The entrepreneurial university model emphasizes collaboration and responsiveness to market needs, preparing graduates for a competitive job market. This shift requires a reassessment of traditional teaching methods and a shift in mission. The successful integration requires strategic planning, transformational leadership, investment in digital infrastructure, and fostering a culture of innovation.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
WIJAYANTO ARIPRADONO, Heru et al.
Educational Technology for Digital Transformation of Higher Education Institutions into Entrepreneurial Universities.
Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 303-322, dec. 2024.
ISSN 2580-4820.
Available at: <https://journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1019>. Date accessed: 21 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v8i3.1019.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Akhmetshin, E. M., Kuderova, I. G., Ryumshin, A. V, Gayazova, S. R., Romanova, E. V, & Erzinkyan, E. A. (2019). Entrepreneurial skills development through distance learning. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22, 1–12. https://www.scopus.com/inward/ record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065229736&part nerID=40&md5=4776899dd2457d8125d e404e2e8ef362
Akhmetshin, E. M., Larionova, G. N., Lukiyanchina, E. V, Savitskaya, Y. P., Aleshko, R. A., & Aleynikova, O. S. (2019). The influence of educational environment on the development of entrepreneurial skills and competencies in students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22. https:// www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2- s2.0-85064466501&partnerID=40&md5=846a1f3729b06e2bcd33b7d949f4cb31
Alexander, U., & Evgeniy, P. (2012). The Entrepreneurial University in Russia: from Idea to Reality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.440
Al-Omar, S., Alalawneh, A., & Harb, A. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: the moderating role of perceived governmental support. Education and Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2023-0272
AR, I. M., Temel, S., Dabic, M., Howells, J., Mert, A., & Baris Yesilay, R. (2021). The Role of Supporting Factors on Patenting Activities in Emerging Entrepreneurial Universities. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TEM.2021.3069147
Aripradono, H. W. (2023). Competitive Advantage Using a Resource-Based View Startup Education Technology in Indonesia. Proceeding of the International Seminar on Business Economics Social Science and Technology (Isbest), 2. https://doi. org/10.33830/isbest.v2i1.787
Arroyabe, M. F., Schumann, M., & Arranz, C. F. A. (2022). Mapping the entrepreneurial university literature: a text mining approach. Studies in Higher Education, 47(5), 955–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2055318
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2021). Three- ring entrepreneurial university: in search of a new business model. Studies in Higher Education, 46(5), 977–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1896804
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2022). A strategic alignment framework for the entrepreneurial university. Industry and Innovation, 29(2), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2021.1941799
Berbegal -M irabent , J., Gil -Doménech, D., & Manresa, A. (2024). Boosting entrepreneurial competences beyond business and management–related disciplines. The case of engineering programs. Education and Training, 6(1), 107–126. https://doi. org/10.1108/ET-11-2022-0439
Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E. (2015). Behind league tables and ranking systems: A critical perspective of how university quality is measured. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 25(3), 242–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-04-2013-0059
Bezanilla, M. J., García-Olalla, A., Paños-Castro, J ., & Arruti, A. (2020). Developing the entrepreneurial university: Factors of influence. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030842
Bizri, R., Hammoud, J., Stouhi, M., & Hammoud, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university: a proposed model for developing nations. Journal of Management Development, 38(5), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2018-0347
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (Fourth Edi). Oxford University Press.
Bukhari, E., Dabic, M., Shifrer, D., Daim, T., & Meissner, D. (2021). Entrepreneurial university: The relationship between smart specialization innovation strategies and university-region collaboration. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techsoc.2021.101560
Chugh, R., Turnbull, D., Cowling, M. A., Vanderburg, R., & Vanderburg, M. A. (2023). Implementing educational technology in Higher Education Institutions: A review of technologies, stakeholder perceptions, frameworks and metrics. Education and Information Technologies, 28(12), 16403–16429. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11846-x
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design-Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifth Edti). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cunning ham, J. A., & Menter, M. (2021). Transformative change in higher education: entrepreneurial universities and high- technology entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 28(3), 343–364. https://doi.org /10.1080/13662716.2020.1763263
Dalmarco, G., Hulsink, W., & Blois, G. V. (2018). Creating Entrepreneurial Universities in an Emerging Economy: Evidence From Brazil. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.04.015
Dal-Soto, F., De Souza, Y. S., & Benner, M. (2021). The entrepreneurial orientation in the transformation of universities. Brazilian Business Review, 18(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.15728/BBR.2021.18.3.2
Deroncele-Acosta, A., Palacios-Núñez, M. L., & Toribio-López, A. (2023). Digital Transformation and Technological Innovation on H igher Education Post-COVID-19. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032466
Díaz-García, V., Montero-Navarro, A., Rodríguez- Sánchez, J. L., & Gallego-Losada, R. (2022). Digitalization and digital transformation in higher education: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. ttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1081595
Erosa, V. E. (2012). Dealing with Cultural Issues in the Triple Helix Model Implementation: A Comparison Among Government, University and Business Culture. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 25–34. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.438
Etzkowitz, H. (1983). Entrepreneurial scientists and entrepreneurial universities in American academic science. Minerva, 21(2–3), 198–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01097964
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: Cognitive effects of the new university-industry linkages. Research Policy, 27(8), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00093-6
Etzkowitz, H. (2003). The European Entrepreneurial University. Industry and Higher Education, 17(5), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003773007256
Etzkowitz, H. (2004). The evolution of the entrepreneurial university. International Journal Technology and Globalisation, 1(1), 64–77. http://inderscience.metapress.com/index/VFP58MEACN34AXNM.pdf
Etzkowitz, H. (2016). The Entrepreneurial University: Vision and Metrics. Industry and Higher Education, 30(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2016.0303
Etzkowitz, H., Dzisah, J., & Clouser, M. (2022). Shaping the entrepreneurial university: Two experiments and aproposal for innovation in higher education. Industry and Higher Education, 36(1), 3–12. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0950422221993421
Etzkowitz, H., Germain-Alamartine, E., Keel, J., Kumar, C., Smith, K. N., & Albats, E. (2019). Entrepreneurial university dynamics: Structured ambivalence, relative deprivation and institution-formation in the Stanford innovation system. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141(November 2017), 159–171. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.10.019
Feola, R., Parente, R., & Cucino, V. (2021). The Entrepreneurial University: How to Develop the Entrepreneurial Orientation of Academia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(4), 1787–1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00675-9
Ferreira, J., Fayolle, A., Ratten, V., & Raposo, M. (2018). ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITIES: collaboration, education and policies. EDWARD ELGAR Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432469.00005
Flores, M. C., Grimaldi, R., Poli, S., & Villani, E. (2024). Entrepreneurial universities and intrapreneurship: A process model on the emergence of an intrapreneurial university. Technovation, 129. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102906
Garcez, A., Silva, R., & Franco, M. (2022). Digital transformation shaping structural pillars for academic entrepreneurship: A framework proposal and research agenda. Education and Information Technologies, 27(1), 1159–
1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10638-5
Genç, S. Y., Şeşen, H., Castanho, R. A., Kırıkkaleli, D., & Soran, S. (2020). Transforming Turkish Universities to Entrepreneurial Universities for Sustainability: From Strategy to Practice. Sustainability, 12(4), 1496. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12041496
Gianiodis, P. T., & Meek, W. R. (2020). Entrepreneurial education for the entrepreneurial university: a stakeholder perspective. Journal of Technology Transfer, 45(4), 1167–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09742-z
Guerrero, M., Cunningham, J. A., & Urbano, D. (2015). Economic Impact of Entrepreneurial Universities' Activities: An Exploratory Study of the United Kingdom. Research Policy, 44(3), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. respol.2014.10.008
Guerrero, M., & Menter, M. (2024). Driving change in higher education: the role of dynamic capabilities in strengthening universities' third mission. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-024-00869-4
Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Fayolle, A., Klofsten, M., & Mian, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial universities: emerging models in the new social and economic l andscape. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187 016-9755-4
Jafari-Sadeghi, V., Garcia-Perez, A., Candelo, E., & Couturier, J. (2021). Exploring the impact of digital transformation on technology entrepreneurship and technological market expansion: The role of technology readiness, exploration and exploitation. Journal of Business Research, 124, 100–111. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.020
Kadarusman, Y. B. (2020). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Performance in Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 66(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i1.684
Kliewe, T., Kesting, T., Plewa, C., & Baaken, T. (2019). Developing Engaged and Entrepreneurial Universities: Theories, Concepts and Empirical Findings.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (4th ed.). Methodology in the Social Sciences.
Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change-Key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004
Kuzu, Ö. H. (2020). Digital transformation in higher education: A case study on strategic plans. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii, 29(3), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-29-3-9-23
Mavlutova, I., Lesinskis, K., Spilbergs, A., & Peiseniece, L. (2023). Digitalization in Entrepreneurship Education: In Search of a New Approach. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 20, 2169–2176. https://doi. org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.188
Ministry of Education, C. R. and T. (2023). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset , Dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 53 Tahun 2023 Tentang Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Tinggi.
Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 3171–3195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1
Moussa, A., Kesting, T., & Clauss, T. (2019). Embedding Entrepreneurial and Engaged Universities—A Holistic View. In T. Kliewe, T. Kesting, C. Plewa, & T. Baaken (Eds.), Developing Engaged and Entrepreneurial Universities: Theories, Concepts and Empirical Findings (pp. 19–41). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13- 8130-0_2
Palacios-Rodríguez, A. (2023). Editorial: Educational Digital Transformation: New Technological Challenges for Competence Development. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1267939
Pano, N., & Gjika, I. (2020). Fostering students entr epr eneur ship thr oug h digital platforms. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(7), 3179–3188. https://doi. org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080747
Patrício, L. D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Strategically redefining university dynamics for the digital age: A qualitative approach. Strategic Change, 33(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2565
Presidential Regulation of Republik Indonesia. (2022). Presidential Regulation of Republik Indonesia Number 2 of 2022 About National Entrepreneurship Development for 2021-2024.
Qazimi, A. (2023). Digitalization of Higher Education in Republic of North Macedonia. Teacher, 25. https://doi.org/10.20544/ teacher.25.03
Redondo, M., Camarero, C., & van der Sijde, P. (2022). Exchange of knowledge in protected environments. The case of university business incubators. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(3), 838–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-08-2020-0341
Rippa, P., & Secundo, G. (2019). Digital academic entrepreneurship: The potential of digital technologies on academic entrepreneurship. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 900–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.07.013
Ruiz, S. M. A., Martens, C. D. P., & da Costa, P. R. (2020). Entrepreneurial university: an exploratory model for higher education. Journal of Management Development, 39(5), 705–722. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-08-2019-0363
Safiullin, M. R., & Akhmetshin, E. M. (2019). Digital transformation of a university as a factor of ensuring its competitiveness. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 9(1), 7387–7390. https://doi. org/10.35940/ijeat.A3097.109119
Saiz-Santos, M., la Mata, A. A. De, & Hoyos- Iruarrizaga, J. (2017). Entrepreneurial University: Educational Innovation and Technology Transfer. In Innovation, Technology and Knowledge Management (pp. 105–121). Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-47949-1_7
Sam, C., & van der Sijde, P. (2014). Understanding the concept of the entrepreneurial university from the perspective of higher education models. Higher Education, 68(6), 891–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9750-0
Secundo, G., Beer, C. D., Fai, F., & Schutte, C. (2019). Increasing University Entrepreneurialism: Qualitative Insights From the Technology Transfer Office. Measuring Business Excellence, 23(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/mbe-02-2019-0015
Secundo, G., Rippa, P., & Meoli, M. (2020). Digital t r a nsf orma t ion in ent r epr eneu rship education centres: preliminary evidence from the Italian Contamination Labs network. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(7), 1589–1605. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJEBR-11-2019-0618
Shenkoya, T., & Kim, E. (2023). Sustainability in Higher Education: Digital Transformation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Open Knowledge. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032473
Tavella, E., & Bogers, M. (2020). Leadership at an Entrepreneurial University: How Department Heads Manage Multiple Logics at a Scandinavian University. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 17(5). https://doi. org/10.1142/S0219877020500352
Temel, S., & Durst, S. (2018). Driving Factors for Converting Teaching-Oriented Universities Into Entrepreneurial Universities. International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics, 7(3), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2018070102
Treviño, L. C. (2020). Culture and university entrepreneurship. Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business, 5(1), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1344/JESB2020.1.j074
UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology in education: A tool on whose terms? GEM Report UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54676/UZQV8501
Uslu, B., Çalıkoğlu, A., Seggie, F. N., & Seggie, S. H. (2019). The Entrepreneurial University and Academic Discourses: The Meta-synthesis of Higher Education Articles. Higher Education Quarterly, 73(3), 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12198
Vaskov, M., Isakov, A., Bilovus, V., Bulavkin, A., & Mikhaylenko, N. (2021). Digital Literacy of Modern Higher Education Teachers. E3s Web of Conferences, 273, 12035. https://doi. org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312035
Ventura, R., Quero, M. J., & Martínez-Martínez, S. L. (2023). The system effects of linkages on actor disposition and resource density: an approach to university-industry linkages. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Be ha viour and Re sear c h . h ttps : //d o i. org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2022-0464
Wakkee, I., van der Sijde, P., Vaupell, C ., & Ghuman, K. (2019). The university's role in sustainable development: Activating entrepreneurial scholars asagents of change. Technolog ical Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 195–205. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.013
Wegner, D., Thomas, E., Teixeira, E. K., & Maehler, A. E. (2020). University entrepreneurial push strategy and students' entrepreneurial int ent ion. Int ernational Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research,
26(2), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJEBR-10-2018-0648
WIPO. (2023). GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2023 : Innovation in the face of uncertainty (S. Dutta, B. Lanvin, L. R. León, & S. W. Vincent, Eds.; First Edition). World Intellectual Property Organization.
Yoon, S., & Son, H. (2023). Is the government support programme for nurturing entrepreneurial universities effective? Evidence from Korea. Managerial and Decision Economics, 44(4), 1895–1903. https: //doi.org/10.1002/mde.3788
Zhang, J. (2022). Influence of the Affordance of Online Learning Platform Technology on the Entr epr eneurial Beha viors of Students in Engineering and Technology Universities. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet), 17(22), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i22.35361
Zhou, L., Meng, W., Wu, S., & Cheng, X. (2023). Development of Digital Education in the Age of Digital Transformation: Citing China's Practice in Smart Education as a Case Study. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 14(2),2077–2092. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.or095
Akhmetshin, E. M., Larionova, G. N., Lukiyanchina, E. V, Savitskaya, Y. P., Aleshko, R. A., & Aleynikova, O. S. (2019). The influence of educational environment on the development of entrepreneurial skills and competencies in students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22. https:// www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2- s2.0-85064466501&partnerID=40&md5=846a1f3729b06e2bcd33b7d949f4cb31
Alexander, U., & Evgeniy, P. (2012). The Entrepreneurial University in Russia: from Idea to Reality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.440
Al-Omar, S., Alalawneh, A., & Harb, A. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: the moderating role of perceived governmental support. Education and Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2023-0272
AR, I. M., Temel, S., Dabic, M., Howells, J., Mert, A., & Baris Yesilay, R. (2021). The Role of Supporting Factors on Patenting Activities in Emerging Entrepreneurial Universities. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TEM.2021.3069147
Aripradono, H. W. (2023). Competitive Advantage Using a Resource-Based View Startup Education Technology in Indonesia. Proceeding of the International Seminar on Business Economics Social Science and Technology (Isbest), 2. https://doi. org/10.33830/isbest.v2i1.787
Arroyabe, M. F., Schumann, M., & Arranz, C. F. A. (2022). Mapping the entrepreneurial university literature: a text mining approach. Studies in Higher Education, 47(5), 955–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2055318
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2021). Three- ring entrepreneurial university: in search of a new business model. Studies in Higher Education, 46(5), 977–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1896804
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2022). A strategic alignment framework for the entrepreneurial university. Industry and Innovation, 29(2), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2021.1941799
Berbegal -M irabent , J., Gil -Doménech, D., & Manresa, A. (2024). Boosting entrepreneurial competences beyond business and management–related disciplines. The case of engineering programs. Education and Training, 6(1), 107–126. https://doi. org/10.1108/ET-11-2022-0439
Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E. (2015). Behind league tables and ranking systems: A critical perspective of how university quality is measured. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 25(3), 242–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-04-2013-0059
Bezanilla, M. J., García-Olalla, A., Paños-Castro, J ., & Arruti, A. (2020). Developing the entrepreneurial university: Factors of influence. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030842
Bizri, R., Hammoud, J., Stouhi, M., & Hammoud, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university: a proposed model for developing nations. Journal of Management Development, 38(5), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2018-0347
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (Fourth Edi). Oxford University Press.
Bukhari, E., Dabic, M., Shifrer, D., Daim, T., & Meissner, D. (2021). Entrepreneurial university: The relationship between smart specialization innovation strategies and university-region collaboration. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techsoc.2021.101560
Chugh, R., Turnbull, D., Cowling, M. A., Vanderburg, R., & Vanderburg, M. A. (2023). Implementing educational technology in Higher Education Institutions: A review of technologies, stakeholder perceptions, frameworks and metrics. Education and Information Technologies, 28(12), 16403–16429. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11846-x
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design-Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifth Edti). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cunning ham, J. A., & Menter, M. (2021). Transformative change in higher education: entrepreneurial universities and high- technology entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 28(3), 343–364. https://doi.org /10.1080/13662716.2020.1763263
Dalmarco, G., Hulsink, W., & Blois, G. V. (2018). Creating Entrepreneurial Universities in an Emerging Economy: Evidence From Brazil. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.04.015
Dal-Soto, F., De Souza, Y. S., & Benner, M. (2021). The entrepreneurial orientation in the transformation of universities. Brazilian Business Review, 18(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.15728/BBR.2021.18.3.2
Deroncele-Acosta, A., Palacios-Núñez, M. L., & Toribio-López, A. (2023). Digital Transformation and Technological Innovation on H igher Education Post-COVID-19. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032466
Díaz-García, V., Montero-Navarro, A., Rodríguez- Sánchez, J. L., & Gallego-Losada, R. (2022). Digitalization and digital transformation in higher education: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. ttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1081595
Erosa, V. E. (2012). Dealing with Cultural Issues in the Triple Helix Model Implementation: A Comparison Among Government, University and Business Culture. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 25–34. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.438
Etzkowitz, H. (1983). Entrepreneurial scientists and entrepreneurial universities in American academic science. Minerva, 21(2–3), 198–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01097964
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: Cognitive effects of the new university-industry linkages. Research Policy, 27(8), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00093-6
Etzkowitz, H. (2003). The European Entrepreneurial University. Industry and Higher Education, 17(5), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003773007256
Etzkowitz, H. (2004). The evolution of the entrepreneurial university. International Journal Technology and Globalisation, 1(1), 64–77. http://inderscience.metapress.com/index/VFP58MEACN34AXNM.pdf
Etzkowitz, H. (2016). The Entrepreneurial University: Vision and Metrics. Industry and Higher Education, 30(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2016.0303
Etzkowitz, H., Dzisah, J., & Clouser, M. (2022). Shaping the entrepreneurial university: Two experiments and aproposal for innovation in higher education. Industry and Higher Education, 36(1), 3–12. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0950422221993421
Etzkowitz, H., Germain-Alamartine, E., Keel, J., Kumar, C., Smith, K. N., & Albats, E. (2019). Entrepreneurial university dynamics: Structured ambivalence, relative deprivation and institution-formation in the Stanford innovation system. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141(November 2017), 159–171. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.10.019
Feola, R., Parente, R., & Cucino, V. (2021). The Entrepreneurial University: How to Develop the Entrepreneurial Orientation of Academia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(4), 1787–1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00675-9
Ferreira, J., Fayolle, A., Ratten, V., & Raposo, M. (2018). ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITIES: collaboration, education and policies. EDWARD ELGAR Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432469.00005
Flores, M. C., Grimaldi, R., Poli, S., & Villani, E. (2024). Entrepreneurial universities and intrapreneurship: A process model on the emergence of an intrapreneurial university. Technovation, 129. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102906
Garcez, A., Silva, R., & Franco, M. (2022). Digital transformation shaping structural pillars for academic entrepreneurship: A framework proposal and research agenda. Education and Information Technologies, 27(1), 1159–
1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10638-5
Genç, S. Y., Şeşen, H., Castanho, R. A., Kırıkkaleli, D., & Soran, S. (2020). Transforming Turkish Universities to Entrepreneurial Universities for Sustainability: From Strategy to Practice. Sustainability, 12(4), 1496. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12041496
Gianiodis, P. T., & Meek, W. R. (2020). Entrepreneurial education for the entrepreneurial university: a stakeholder perspective. Journal of Technology Transfer, 45(4), 1167–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09742-z
Guerrero, M., Cunningham, J. A., & Urbano, D. (2015). Economic Impact of Entrepreneurial Universities' Activities: An Exploratory Study of the United Kingdom. Research Policy, 44(3), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. respol.2014.10.008
Guerrero, M., & Menter, M. (2024). Driving change in higher education: the role of dynamic capabilities in strengthening universities' third mission. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-024-00869-4
Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Fayolle, A., Klofsten, M., & Mian, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial universities: emerging models in the new social and economic l andscape. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187 016-9755-4
Jafari-Sadeghi, V., Garcia-Perez, A., Candelo, E., & Couturier, J. (2021). Exploring the impact of digital transformation on technology entrepreneurship and technological market expansion: The role of technology readiness, exploration and exploitation. Journal of Business Research, 124, 100–111. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.020
Kadarusman, Y. B. (2020). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Performance in Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 66(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i1.684
Kliewe, T., Kesting, T., Plewa, C., & Baaken, T. (2019). Developing Engaged and Entrepreneurial Universities: Theories, Concepts and Empirical Findings.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (4th ed.). Methodology in the Social Sciences.
Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change-Key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004
Kuzu, Ö. H. (2020). Digital transformation in higher education: A case study on strategic plans. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii, 29(3), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-29-3-9-23
Mavlutova, I., Lesinskis, K., Spilbergs, A., & Peiseniece, L. (2023). Digitalization in Entrepreneurship Education: In Search of a New Approach. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 20, 2169–2176. https://doi. org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.188
Ministry of Education, C. R. and T. (2023). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset , Dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 53 Tahun 2023 Tentang Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Tinggi.
Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 3171–3195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1
Moussa, A., Kesting, T., & Clauss, T. (2019). Embedding Entrepreneurial and Engaged Universities—A Holistic View. In T. Kliewe, T. Kesting, C. Plewa, & T. Baaken (Eds.), Developing Engaged and Entrepreneurial Universities: Theories, Concepts and Empirical Findings (pp. 19–41). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13- 8130-0_2
Palacios-Rodríguez, A. (2023). Editorial: Educational Digital Transformation: New Technological Challenges for Competence Development. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1267939
Pano, N., & Gjika, I. (2020). Fostering students entr epr eneur ship thr oug h digital platforms. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(7), 3179–3188. https://doi. org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080747
Patrício, L. D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Strategically redefining university dynamics for the digital age: A qualitative approach. Strategic Change, 33(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2565
Presidential Regulation of Republik Indonesia. (2022). Presidential Regulation of Republik Indonesia Number 2 of 2022 About National Entrepreneurship Development for 2021-2024.
Qazimi, A. (2023). Digitalization of Higher Education in Republic of North Macedonia. Teacher, 25. https://doi.org/10.20544/ teacher.25.03
Redondo, M., Camarero, C., & van der Sijde, P. (2022). Exchange of knowledge in protected environments. The case of university business incubators. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(3), 838–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-08-2020-0341
Rippa, P., & Secundo, G. (2019). Digital academic entrepreneurship: The potential of digital technologies on academic entrepreneurship. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 900–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2018.07.013
Ruiz, S. M. A., Martens, C. D. P., & da Costa, P. R. (2020). Entrepreneurial university: an exploratory model for higher education. Journal of Management Development, 39(5), 705–722. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-08-2019-0363
Safiullin, M. R., & Akhmetshin, E. M. (2019). Digital transformation of a university as a factor of ensuring its competitiveness. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 9(1), 7387–7390. https://doi. org/10.35940/ijeat.A3097.109119
Saiz-Santos, M., la Mata, A. A. De, & Hoyos- Iruarrizaga, J. (2017). Entrepreneurial University: Educational Innovation and Technology Transfer. In Innovation, Technology and Knowledge Management (pp. 105–121). Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-47949-1_7
Sam, C., & van der Sijde, P. (2014). Understanding the concept of the entrepreneurial university from the perspective of higher education models. Higher Education, 68(6), 891–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9750-0
Secundo, G., Beer, C. D., Fai, F., & Schutte, C. (2019). Increasing University Entrepreneurialism: Qualitative Insights From the Technology Transfer Office. Measuring Business Excellence, 23(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/mbe-02-2019-0015
Secundo, G., Rippa, P., & Meoli, M. (2020). Digital t r a nsf orma t ion in ent r epr eneu rship education centres: preliminary evidence from the Italian Contamination Labs network. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(7), 1589–1605. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJEBR-11-2019-0618
Shenkoya, T., & Kim, E. (2023). Sustainability in Higher Education: Digital Transformation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Open Knowledge. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032473
Tavella, E., & Bogers, M. (2020). Leadership at an Entrepreneurial University: How Department Heads Manage Multiple Logics at a Scandinavian University. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 17(5). https://doi. org/10.1142/S0219877020500352
Temel, S., & Durst, S. (2018). Driving Factors for Converting Teaching-Oriented Universities Into Entrepreneurial Universities. International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics, 7(3), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2018070102
Treviño, L. C. (2020). Culture and university entrepreneurship. Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business, 5(1), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1344/JESB2020.1.j074
UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology in education: A tool on whose terms? GEM Report UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54676/UZQV8501
Uslu, B., Çalıkoğlu, A., Seggie, F. N., & Seggie, S. H. (2019). The Entrepreneurial University and Academic Discourses: The Meta-synthesis of Higher Education Articles. Higher Education Quarterly, 73(3), 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12198
Vaskov, M., Isakov, A., Bilovus, V., Bulavkin, A., & Mikhaylenko, N. (2021). Digital Literacy of Modern Higher Education Teachers. E3s Web of Conferences, 273, 12035. https://doi. org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312035
Ventura, R., Quero, M. J., & Martínez-Martínez, S. L. (2023). The system effects of linkages on actor disposition and resource density: an approach to university-industry linkages. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Be ha viour and Re sear c h . h ttps : //d o i. org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2022-0464
Wakkee, I., van der Sijde, P., Vaupell, C ., & Ghuman, K. (2019). The university's role in sustainable development: Activating entrepreneurial scholars asagents of change. Technolog ical Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 195–205. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.013
Wegner, D., Thomas, E., Teixeira, E. K., & Maehler, A. E. (2020). University entrepreneurial push strategy and students' entrepreneurial int ent ion. Int ernational Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research,
26(2), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJEBR-10-2018-0648
WIPO. (2023). GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2023 : Innovation in the face of uncertainty (S. Dutta, B. Lanvin, L. R. León, & S. W. Vincent, Eds.; First Edition). World Intellectual Property Organization.
Yoon, S., & Son, H. (2023). Is the government support programme for nurturing entrepreneurial universities effective? Evidence from Korea. Managerial and Decision Economics, 44(4), 1895–1903. https: //doi.org/10.1002/mde.3788
Zhang, J. (2022). Influence of the Affordance of Online Learning Platform Technology on the Entr epr eneurial Beha viors of Students in Engineering and Technology Universities. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet), 17(22), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i22.35361
Zhou, L., Meng, W., Wu, S., & Cheng, X. (2023). Development of Digital Education in the Age of Digital Transformation: Citing China's Practice in Smart Education as a Case Study. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 14(2),2077–2092. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.or095