Systematic Literature Review: Models of digital transformation in the public sector

Today's technological advances affect businesses and society, including the government. The success or failure of implementation is due to the ambiguity of the strategies used and the limited knowledge of the factors that influence them. Although some previous studies exist, their generalizability is limited. The purpose of this study is to provide a model from the existing literature to develop a strategy for successful digital transformation. This study utilized a systematic literature review and content analysis methodology. Scopus database was used to identify relevant articles using a search string and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Content analysis identified a model related to the research topic. The findings provide valuable insights and a model for future research and practical applications. The result is a model for implementing digital transformation in the public sector, which is divided into four elements: external, organizational, citizen, and technology. By using a more comprehensive approach, the resulting model should be better able to generalize. The elements and their sub-elements of the model will be a recommendation for managers at different levels to design strategies for managing digital transformation. Further research can explore quantitative methods to test the model and the generalizability of the results of this study.


Introduction
T h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l convergence that has occurred over the last 20 years, coupled with the explosion of global data traffic, online users, connected objects, and access to cloud computing have laid the foundation for the digital age that will bring outstanding value to society (Oord et al., 2019). The organization also takes the initiative to explore digital technologies to benefit from transforming key business operations such as production, organizational structure, and business management. This dynamic has always led to the concept of Digital Transformation. Submitted: 9 March 2023, Revised: 20 May 2023, Accepted: 22 May 2023 According to Chaffey (2015), digital transformation is a significant change in an organization's business processes, structure, and system implementation to enhance performance by utilizing digital media and technological platforms. Not only private sector organizations digital technology has significantly changed the routine of public administration and government, as well as the work environment of public services (Wirtz et al., 2020;Galperin et al., 2013). There are several benefits of digital transformation in the public sector. First, it can speed up policy-making processes and the quality of public services and create a collaborative government (Todisco et al., 2021). Second, creating good governance, creating public value, and improving government performance (Sabani, Farah, et al., 2019;Al-Hujran et al., 2015). Third, improve access and delivery of government information and services to citizens, business partners, employees, other agencies, and other government entities (Layne & Lee, 2001). for professional heavy-duty truck drivers and drivers aged 80 and over (Hafseld et al., 2021).

The automation of the child benefit program in
Norway creates a gap in the quality of services (Larsson, 2021). In Indonesia, the performance of e-government is also assessed as unsatisfactory by the public due to the poor availability and quality of information, and e-government services are unreliable and have information security vulnerabilities (Sabani, Deng, et al., 2019). This shows that the success of the digital transformation is largely influenced by how clearly the strategy is prepared (Venkateswaran & Jyotishi, 2018;Kane et al., 2015;Alharbi, 2019).
In addition, the limitations of knowledge about supporting factors can affect the success of digital transformation (Rusu & Jonathan, 2017;Gil-García & Pardo, 2005). Aichholzer & Schmutzer knowledge for a particular field by attempting to provide main insights in the form of evaluating research productivity and impact, integrated knowledge mapping (e.g., antecedents, decisions, outcomes, theories, contexts, methods) and/or disclosing key themes or research streams in that field (Lim et al., 2022).
The rest of the article is structured as follows. First, a brief review of the existing literature on digital transformation in the public sector. Second, the research strategy, as well as the data collection and analysis methods, are described. The following section discusses the results and analysis of the research. Finally, the last section presents conclusions, limitations of the study, and future research directions.

Methods
The study uses two methods to produce a more comprehensive analysis: a systematic literature review with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses) and content analysis. According to (Webster & Watson, 2002), in (Rusu & Jonathan, 2017) Table 1 below. The combination of terms was searched for in the title, abstract, and keywords. The search term used is: [("digital transformation" OR "digitization" OR "digitalization" OR "digital transform" OR "digital switch-over" OR "digitization" OR "advantages automation" OR "digitalization advantages" OR "digitization" OR "digitalization" OR "digitizing" OR "computerization" OR "digitized" OR "digitize" OR "automatization") AND ("public sector" OR "public organization" OR "public organization" OR "governance" OR "government" OR "governmental")]. AND "Public sector" OR "digitization", "digitalization", "digital transform", "digital switch-over", "digitization advantages", "automation", "digitalization advantages", "digitisation", "digitalisation","digitizing", "computerization", "digitized", "digitize", "automatization" "public organization" "public organisation" "governance" "government" "governmental" Source: obtained from primary data uses only journal articles because it has passed the review process before being published so that its quality can be accounted for. Fourth, only articles with full text (final) are included. Fifth, the type of article used in this literature review is an empirical study due to the completeness of the data. Sixth, to get maximum results, researchers only choose digital transformation that occurs in the public sector. identified. The PRISMA flow diagram starts from the initial step with 531 articles to complete the research objectives selected by reading the abstract and then the full text to find out the content. The number of journal articles that meet the inclusion criteria is to be analysed with 151 articles and to be subjected to content analysis to determine the factors that influence the digital transformation of the public sector.

Results and Discussion
To identify the development of the literature,  Based on the findings, themes such as "digital economy" and "digital transformation" are between Q1 and Q4, meaning that these themes are well developed and can build this research field. Meanwhile, themes in Q1 such as "innovation", and "Covid-19" are the main themes. The themes in Q4 such as the "digital divide" are very important as the basis for the development of this topic. These Q2 themes have internal ties but have a marginal contribution to development. The findings show themes in Q2 such as "digital by default", "artificial intelligence", and "ICT" are potential topics connected to digital transformation. Then the theme "e-government" was found between Q3 and Q4, indicating that the theme has decreased and will shift to become a basic theme. The theme in Q3, "privacy" is a newly emerging theme due to the implementation of many digital transformations involving public data such as health digitization, Electronic Identification Card, and education digitization which requires community or public data. So that the theme of privacy is a theme that will develop and possibly become the main theme in the future. This is also shown by the journal article with the most citations written by Rowe F. about how data privacy issues in the implementation of health digitization with the Covid-19 contact tracing application.