The Analysis of Public Green Open Space Management in Jambi City

The growth of the population requires space to accommodate human activities. The development aims to provide a space for humans, but it has an impact on the decreasing green open space. The majority of previous research examines the policy, policy implementation, community support/ involvement, and the need for green open space. While this study examines the management and the factors of the management of public green open space, the research uses a descriptive qualitative method by utilizing primary data through interviews and observations and is supported by secondary data, such as reports, rules, and research results. This study found that the management of green open space, and regulations were available at the regional level; however, for the fulfilment of public green open space only reached 10.76% while still lacking 9.24% because the management faces the substance and technical problems. To fix these deficiencies requires a master plan and a strong leadership commitment to realize these deficiencies.


Introduction
The discussions about environmental issues are always exciting topics because they are related to human life. Almost all cities in Indonesia face the issue of decreasing green open space (GOS). It is caused by the speed of horizontal and vertical development. In almost all major cities in Indonesia, the green space currently only reaches 10% of the city area (Hamrun & Prianto, 2017). Its function still has a complimentary meaning for urban areas, and the use of land is considered an enhancer of environmental aesthetics. Ironically, the perspective appears that at any time, it can be replaced with more economically beneficial uses. As a result, the economically successful development threatens the existence of the space, even its existing is functioned as built-up land.
Submitted: 26 December 2020, Revised: 27 June 2020, Accepted: 12 August 2020 GOS is a vegetated open space in urban areas that functions as a recreational, social, cultural, aesthetic, physical city, ecological area and has a high economic value for humans and development. It can be in the form of urban forests, city parks, public cemetery parks, sports fields, green lanes, highways, railroad banks, and river banks. But a space with ecological functions makes green space as one of the functions of land that is often sacrificed in building and developing a city. The availability of the space plays an essential role in providing freedom of movement for users because the activities and developments of the city are increasingly developing following the demands and needs of the people who live in it (Krisnawati, 2009).
The existence of public green open space (PGOS) is essential in urban areas, especially infiltration land. Its existence has its own economic, social and environmental preservation for the urban community and a group of vegetation. However, decision-making is mainly in developing countries, rarely considering the balance of these aspects (Benchimol, Lamano-Ferreira, Ferreira, Cortese, & Ramos, 2017).
In general, decision making prioritizes aspects of economic development rather than paying attention to improvements to the environment and liveable cities.
The country has responsibility for the protection and environmental management. Clearly, in Article 28, H paragraph (1)  have GOS of at least 30% of the total area of the city (Astriani, 2014). Law No. 26, the Year of 2007 about spatial planning regulates the proportionality of GOS at least 30%, with detail 20% for PGOS and 10% for private GOS owned by a private or society of the area of the city as a whole. The development, structuring, and fulfillment of proportions to meet the needs of urban communities is the responsibility of governments at various levels, starting from the central government, provincial governments, regional governments, the private sector, and community participation.
The increase in population will have an impact on horizontal and extension for physical development and threaten the existence of GOS.
While other studies are looking at the aspect of community support and regional planning agencies for better management (Schuch, Serraoneumann, Morgan, & Choy, 2017), the qualitative needs the GOS approach to the administrative area and population (Prakoso & Herdiansyah, 2019). The analysis to display the green index of smart city planning (Anguluri & Narayanan, 2017). Those literature show that the provision of GOS is still at the level of regulation; in the implementation, there are still various challenges.
Those studies suggest the commitment of the central and local government's involvement of the community in the management.
What makes this study relevant is that it analyzes the management and factors that influence the management of GOS in Jambi City. This paper is based on the argument; urban development needs to consider the ecological system for human survival. Thus, in the ecosystem of harmony, human relations with the environment must be balanced. The citizen needs the availability of nature to breathe; the availability of GOS, both in quality and quantity, is needed. The quality of green space can be seen from the visual quality and its function on fulfilling needs, while the quantity is measured from the availability of adequate green space.
This study assumes that there is a commitment to realize at least 20% of the PGOS through rules.
However, the implementation of government policies to face various challenges.

Literature Review
Open space is spaces in the city or broader places both in the area/region or in a horizontal area, and it's use is more open without any building around it. GOS is a horizontal/pathway and grouping area, the use of it is more open, a place to grow plants, both naturally and intentionally planted (Cahyani, Edel, & Ngapa, 2019). According to Shofwan (2017), the existence of green space is one of the balancing factors of an area so that it can still provide stability to the life dynamics around it.
According to Astriani (2014), forms of GOS are city parks, public square, a ground of city buildings, street sides, riparian areas, particular areas, agricultural areas. Anguluri & Narayanan (2017) add that area includes not only green but also includes blue areas such as riparian zones and lakes that support the growth of green plants. Often, green ecosystem services such as this are unconsciously enjoyed by urban communities.
PGOS is a reforestation place that is managed and owned by the regional/city government. The place can be used for things that are general to the community, such as places for social activities, such as recreation or community sports activities. In contrast, private GOS is a GOS that is managed and owned by a particular institution/ institution, or individual. The function can be addressed of plantations, fields, or plants planted by private parties/communities both individually and for non-government institutions (Wulandari & Nurarpenia, 2018). as an ecological function. According to Syahadat & Sylviani (2016), the goal of developing green space based on the three regulations is to have the same, such as to maintain the sustainability, harmony, and balance of urban ecosystems that are safe, comfortable, fresh, beautiful, clean which includes environmental, social and cultural elements.
The management of GOS considers various aspects, such as the existence of regulations and policies from various levels. This approach considers the rules of the play, actors, discourse, and interrelated resources (Fongar, Randrup, Wiström, & Solfjeld, 2019). Environmentally sound development related to the availability of GOS is not only required proper planning but also requires supervision in the implementation or implementation of the plan. Supervision is oriented towards organizational goals, planning, and implementation (Wijayanto & Hidayati, 2017).

The implementation of GOS in urban areas
is generally through planning and design and subsequently maintained and further developed through landscape management, shaping the content and quality. Landscape planning, design, and management all affect children's environmental friendliness. Still, management has not yet been explored in this aspect, even though its primary purpose is to meet the needs and perspectives of users. In cities, three levels of green space management can often be distinguished: policy/strategic (politicians), tactical (civil servants), and operational (park workers, often entrepreneurs). Process management has the potential to approach the users at the local level, free, immediate, and days that can be valuable to include the views of children (Jansson, Sundevall, & Wales, 2016). City management can be described as a set of activities that lead to social, physical, and economic development. The management of GOS will influence changes in quality and quantity. It is not easy to improve urban institutional strategies and have measurable outputs. There are several aspects of managing green space, such as planning, institutional, human resources, coordination, and funding (Hamrun & Prianto, 2017).
Management is defined as a process of activities that starts from planning, organizing, d i re c t i n g , a n d s u p e r v i s i n g , t h e n u s i n g organizational resources to achieve predetermined organizational goals. An analytical framework to assess the management and factors that influence the management of the Jambi City using the criteria of efforts to maintain the existing area and quality of GOS, restore the function of the area that has changed function and development of new GOS, improve the quality and rehabilitation of areas that have decreased function, development of new technologies, building new infrastructure, especially green roads, as well as land acquisition.

This research was conducted in Jambi
City using exploratory qualitative methods to understand the management and issues of GOS (Soehartono, 2008). In this case, the researcher chooses informants who are considered to know the problems to be studied and can provide information that can be developed to obtain data. From the main informant, then it is developed to find other informants by using snowball sampling and obtaining informants continuously so that researchers have strategic information related to the required data.
Data collection was carried out through structured and unstructured interviews. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out using coding methods from primary and secondary data. This technique is used because it is to obtain the meaning of any information from various sources. Besides, coding is useful for finding trends in the information that can be justified. The results of data coding are described through a narrative that shows the management of GOS and the factors that influence it. The research findings data are presented in a narrative manner supported by relevant numerical data. Then a data analysis was carried out with various literature findings and interpretations of the field data. In addition, the authors will confirm the specific findings in this study so that they can contribute to the study of GOS management. At the end of this study will confirm the findings and results of the discussion and then provide recommendations.

PGOS in Jambi City
Jambi City is one of 11 cities/districts in Jambi Province with an area of ± 17,552.83 Ha, located between 01 ° 30'2.98 "to 01 ° 7'1.07" the southern pathway, and between 103 ° 40'1.67 "up to 103 ° 40'0.23 " east longitude. These coordinates indicate the existence of Jambi City is located almost in the middle of the island of Sumatra. Geomorphological, the Jambi City is located in the western part of the southern Sumatra basin called the Jambi Sub-Basin, which is the lowlands of East Sumatra .  Figure   1). If seen from the local regulations, the Jambi City still lacks PGOS around 9.24%. The spatial plan regulation of Jambi City sets that PGOS at least 20%. It is conducted through preserves, stability, improvement, and provision that is proportional in all areas of the city (Table 1). Table 1

Factors affecting the management of green open space
The management of GOS in Jambi City is influenced by various factors that can support it or be an obstacle. These factors determine the success or failure in meeting the minimum availability of 20% of PGOS (Table 2).  In various areas, the availability of GOS has decreased significantly, especially in the last 30 years. The decrease is caused by the conversion of land into built-up land to accommodate the population and its activities. This condition is worsened by weak regulation and law enforcement, followed by low public awareness of urban spatial planning. The implication is that slums appear, irregular, unhealthy urban planning, traffic jams, and other social problems (Dwiyanto, 2009).
The management of PGOS will meet challenges related to the differences in viewpoint planning and management concepts (Feltynowski et al., 2018). The political process in making Other problems related to the fulfilment of PGOS by 20% are also related to low supervision, high land prices due to speculation by land speculators, a growth rate of job which has implications for physical development, and lack of socialization (Wijayanto & Hidayati, 2017). In the densely populated city has difficulty in providing and land acquisition, availability of human resources is not sufficient, and commitment of the low government. Such as the conditions become worse by public awareness of the importance of GOS (Wulandari & Nurarpenia, 2018 shows that the city of Jambi still has a lack in PGOS development of around 9.24% as a fulfillment of the balance needs of the city's ecosystem.
Although this study has findings that are generally the same as the results of previous studies, based on the results of the analysis, it is found that this study has a significant difference.
Previous research has focused more on the aspects of community support and regional planning agencies for better management of GOS (Schuch et al., 2017), further looking at the qualitative need for a GOS approach for administrative areas and appropriate population. With the city situation (Prakoso & Herdiansyah, 2019), and analyzing the green index of smart city planning in the application of GOS (Anguluri & Narayanan, 2017    is governance that must be improved immediately.
Then the weakness of public awareness is a challenge for city governments in shaping public perceptions, so socializing GOS in the City of Jambi is still very much needed. Weak regional funding/ budgeting is a big problem in GOS development because there is not a small number of funds spent in implementing this GOS, so that the government must plan a thorough budget plan for GOS. In implementing GOS in Jambi city, one of which is land acquisition with high land prices, which costs money, so the efforts that the government can make are to determine the policy and political aspects. The decision-making process is also related to the plan of decision-makers who have various socio-political backgrounds. Then the Jambi City government must be stable in taking a policy in planning and managing GOS in urban areas, which has an essential role in flora and fauna and ecology. The government also needs to plan and collaborate with various parties, such as collaboration between stakeholders, increasing community participation, strengthening of consistent and sustainable regulations.

Conclusion
Based on the research objective is to analyze the management of PGOS in Jambi City and the factors that influence its management. This study reports that the management of GOS in the Jambi City in terms of rules and planning shows commitment through the regional regulation on the spatial plan and mid-term regional development plan to realize a minimum limit of 20% availability. In the implementation of government regulations and the plan Jambi City will use to maintain the existing focus area, quality improvement and rehabilitation of the region, building new infrastructure such as the arrangement of the city park, the green pathway.
Meanwhile, the standard fulfillment minimum through developing acquisition land for GOS is not the primary concern. So, the availability of PGOS in Jambi City is only around 10.76% and still lacks around 9.24%. The level of implementation of the law is faced with various problems related to substantial issues, the budget due to high land prices, and technical issues such as a land acquisition.
Based on the research findings, it is advisable